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They are:1. TPA (Transient Program Area) 2. System Area 3. XMS (Extended Memory System)
The first 1 M byte of memory is called the real memory or conventional memory. It is called so because each microprocessor is designed to function in this area by using the real mode of operation.
system and other programs that control the computer system. The TPA also stores any currently active or inactive DOS application programs. The size of TPA is 640KB. DOS requires a portion of TPA to function.
Windows and OS/2 are other two operating systems that are compatible with DOS programs and executes it.
BIOS and applications. System BIOS is a collection of programs stored in ROM or Flash Memory.
I/O devices and internal features of the computer system. These are stored in the TPA so they can be changed as the system operates.
or PCDOS system is started. This program allow DOS to use keyboard, printer, video display and other I/O devices often found in computer system.
from one system to another. Drivers are programs that control installable I/O devices. Drivers are files normally they have extension .SYS and sometimes it will be .EXE. REGEDIT is a program that contains information about system and the drivers.
operated in DOS mode. Incase if it is erased the computer cannot be used with keyboard in DOS mode.
executed. This application includes word processor and spreadsheets. Also it holds TSR (terminate and stay resident) programs that remain in memory in an inactive state until activated by interrupt.
memory at the top and another large area of memory located near the bottom of TPA. Size depends on version of DOS installed. If DOS is installed in High Memory, most of the TPA is free to hold Application program.
contains program on either a read only memory or flash memory and RAM for data storage.
programs on ROM or flash memory. The size and amount of memory used depends on the type of video display adapter. The Video Display Ram is Classified into 3 parts: Video RAM (Graphics) Video RAM (Text) Video BIOS ROM
mapped data. Video RAM (Text area) stores Text. Video BIOS ROM contains program that control the DOS Video display.
memory systems. It allows a 64-k byte page frame of memory to be used by application programs.
the BASIC language on ROM found in early IBM personal computer systems. In newer systems this area is free and referred as upper memory, which is used as extra RAM for the use of DOS programs.
the computer. The Video system is not controlled by this. I/O space in a computer system extends from 0000H to FFFFH which allows the microprocessor to communicate between itself and the outside world.
two regions. 0000H to 03FFH is reserved for system devices and other for expansion on newer system that extends from I/O port 0400H through FFFFH.