Basic Signal Operations-2

Recap..
Definition
Size
Classification of Signals
Analog and digital signals
Continuous-time and continuous-discrete signals
Periodic and aperiodic signals
Energy and power signals
Causal and Non-causal
Deterministic and probabilistic signals
Even and odd signals
Outline..
Operations
Unit Impulse Function
Unit step function
Unit Impulse vs. Unit Step

1.Operations
Time Shifting
Magnitude Shifting:
Time Scaling and Time Inversion
Magnitude Scaling and Mag. Inversion


a).Time Shifting:
given the signal f(t),
the signal f(tt0) is a time-shifted version of f(t) that
is shifted
to the left if t0 is positive and
to the right if t0 is negative.

f(t)
f(t-to)
to
f(t+to)
to
b).Magnitude Shifting:
Given the signal f(t),
the signal c +f(t) is a magnitude-shifted version
of f(t) that is
shifted up if c is positive and
shifted down if c is negative.
f(t)
t
t
f(t)
c
f(t)
t
c
c). i. Time Scaling :
Given f(t),
the signal f(at) is a time-scaled version of f(t),
where a is a constant, such that
f(at) is an expanded version of f(t) if 0<|a|<1,
and f(at) is a compressed version of f(t) if |a|>1.

Time scaling compresses or dilates a signal by
multiplying the time variable by some quantity.
If that
quantity is greater than one, the signal becomes narrower
and the operation is called compression, while if
quantity is less than one, the signal becomes wider and is
called dilation.

The recommended approach to sketching time-scaled signals is
simply to evaluate y(t) for a selection of values of t until the result becomes clear. For
example,






Notice that in addition to compression or dilation, the `beginning time or `ending
time of a pulse-type signal will be changed in the new time scale.
ii.Time Inversion:

Given f(t),

the signal f(at) is a time-scaled version of f(t), where a is
a constant,

If a is negative, the signal f(at) is also a time-inverted version
of f(t).

What happens when the time variable is multiplied by
a negative number?
The answer to this is time reversal.
This operation is the reversal of the time axis, or
flipping the signal over the y-axis.

a= -1
d). i. Magnitude Scaling :
Given f(t),
the signal bf(t) is a magnitude-scaled version of
f(t), where b is a constant, such that
bf(t) is an attenuated version of f(t) if 0<|b|<1, and
bf(t) is an amplified version of f(t) if |b|>1.

attenuated
amplified f(t)
ii. Mag. Inversion:
Given f(t),
the signal bf(t) is a magnitude inversion of f(t), where b
is a constant,
if b is negative
the signal bf(t) is also a magnitude-flipped version of f(t).

f(t)
f(-t)
Example:
Given f (t) we would like to plot f (at-b)
(a) Begin with f (t) (b) Then replace t with at to get f (at) (c) Finally, replace t
with t-b/a to get f(a(t-b/a))
Ex. : Given f(t), sketch 43f(2t6)
-2
2
-1
6
f(t)
t
2.Unit Impulse Function (Dirac delta
function)
Mathematical Definition:
The unit impulse function o(t) satisfies the following conditions:

1. o(t) = 0 if t = 0,


2.



The unit impulse is not defined in terms of its values, but is
defined by how it acts inside an integral when multiplied by a
smooth function f(t).


1 ) ( =
}

dt t o
Graphical Definition:
The rectangular pulse
shape approaches the
unit impulse function
as c approaches 0
(notice that the area
under the curve is
always equal to 1).
o(t)
t
1/c
c/2 c/2
c 0
Since it is quite difficult
to draw something that
is infinitely tall, we
represent the Dirac with
an arrow centered at the
point it is applied.
The dirac delta function
and unit impulse are
shown in Figure (a) and
(b) respectively.

o(t)
t
1/c
c/2 c/2
c 0
(a)
(b)
Unit Impulse (cont.)
The unit impulse is a valuable idealization and is used widely in
science and engineering.
Impulses in time are useful idealizations.
Impulse of current in time delivers a unit charge instantaneously
to a network.
Impulse of force in time delivers an instantaneous momentum to
a mechanical system.
Impulse of mass density in space represents a point mass.
Impulse of charge density in space represents a point charge.
Impulse of light intensity in space represents a point of light.



Impulse of light intensity in space and time represents a brief
flash of light at a point in space.
Properties of Delta Function
1.Multiplication of a Function by an Impulse
(t)o(t) = (0)o(t)
Similarly

2. Sampling property of the Unit Impulse function



It means area under the product of a function with an impulse o(t) is equal to
value of that function at the instant where the impulse is located.
It is known as sampling or sifting property.



) 0 ( ) ( ) ( | o | =
}

dt t t
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( T t T dt T t t =
}

o | o |
3.Unit Impulse as a generalized Function
non unique function
o(t) is not a true function in ordinary sense
an ordinary function is specified by its values for all time t.
range is undefined
defined not as an ordinary fn but as a generalized fn
defined in terms of the effect it has on the test function (t) .


We define an unit impulse as a fn for which the area under its product with
a function (t) is equal to value of the function (t) at the instant where
the impulse is located.
3.Unit step function
u(t) = 1 t 0
= 0 t < 0


If it is desired to start a signal at t=0, multiply it
by u(t).
A signal that does start before t=0 is called
causal signal. e.g.
g(t) = 0 t < 0
1
u(t)
0
t

area from to t of o(t) = 0 if t < 0 and unity if
t 0.
consequently

) (
0 , 1
0 , 0
) ( t u
t
t
d
t
=

>
<
=
}

t t o
) (
) (
therefore, t
dt
t du
o =
Definition
Integration of the unit impulse yields the unit step function

which is defined as

Unit Step (cont)
As an example of the method for dealing with generalized
functions consider the generalized function


Since u(t) is discontinuous, its derivative does not exist as an
ordinary function, but it does as a generalized function. To see
what x(t) means, put it in an integral with a smooth testing
function


and apply the usual integration-by-parts theorem



4.Unit Impulse vs. Unit Step
The result is that


which, from the definition of the unit impulse, implies that


That is, the unit impulse is the derivative of the unit step in a
generalized function sense.

Unit Impulse vs. Unit Step (cont.)



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