COLUMNS & STRUTS

Submitted to:

Submitted By:

Mr. HIMANSHU BORADE

Divya Kumar Jain Gaurav Gupta Mechanical -A

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS HISTORY OF COLUMNS CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMNS FAILURE OF COLUMNS SIGN CONVENTIONS STM TYPES OF STRUTS EULERS FORMULA DERIVATIONS RANKINE FORMULA EULERS FORMULA UNDER ECCENTRIC LOADING

INTRODUCTION

COLUMNS

STRUTS

DEFINITIONS:
STRUTS: A structural member , subjected to axial compressive force, is called a strut. These may be horizontal, inclined or even vertical. COLUMNS : The vertical struts which are being used in buildings and frames are more precisely called as columns.

HISTORY
The use of columns has been done from ancient times . The most ancient traces of columns have been found in Greece, few thousands of years B.C. Later as the time proceeded the techniques of column making and materials . In the very beginning wood was used as column material which has advanced to concrete and even Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) discovered about twenty years ago.

STRUTS
STRUT AND TIE MODEL (STM)

FUNCTIONS OF STRUTS:
1. They serve as the compression chord of the truss mechanism which resists moment 2. They help in the transfer shear to the supports.

TYPES OF STRUTS

a) PRISM type(having constant width) b) BOTTLE type(width expand and contract along with length) c) FAN type(an array of struts with varying inclination meet at or radiate from a single node)

USES OF STRUTS
TO SUPPORT ROOFS

AS SUSPENSIONS IN AUTOMIBILES

IN MAKING FRAMES Eg. LADDER

TYPES OF COLUMNS
Columns are basically of two types: o LONG o SHORT / INTERMEDIATE

Slenderness ratio( Leff / r):

It is the ratio of the effective length of column to the least radius of gyration of its cross section.

Critical slenderness ratio (SRc ):

SRc corresponds to the case when the stress due to the axial load reaches the proportional limit and the critical load at the same time.

If Leff / r < SRc, the column is considered short/intermediate. If Leff / r > SRc, the column is considered long.

Column failures
Material failure

(crushing)
Elastic buckling

(Euler)
Inelastic buckling
Leff

(combination of buckling

and material failure)

SIGN CONVENTIONS
POSITIVE BENDING NEGATIVE BENDING

Eulers Formula
Sir Leonhard Euler (1707 1783)
Euler Buckling (elastic buckling)

Pcr

AE
2

KL r

A = Cross sectional area (m2) E = Modulus of elasticity of the material (N/m2) K = Stiffness (curvature mode) factor L = Column length between pinned ends (in.) r = radius of gyration (in.)

I A

Assumptions
The following assumptions are made

while deriving the Eulers Formula.

The column is initially straight & of uniform lateral dimensions. The compressive load is exactly axial & it passes through the centroid of the column section. The material of the column is perfectly homogenous and isotropic. Pin joints are frictionless and fixed joints are perfectly rigid.

The weight of column itself is neglected. The column fails by buckling alone. Limit of proportionality is not exceeded.

Derivation of Eulers formula (for different end

conditions)

BIBLIOGRAPHY
WEBSITES:

GOOGLE BOOKS WIKIPEDIA USTUDY

BOOKS REFERED

STRENGTH OF MATERIAL

BY R.S. KHURMI STRENGTH OF MATERIAL BY R.K. RAJPUT