Dengue vector Control

Public Health Pesticides

By

entomologistpunjab@gmail.com Ph:03063333136, 042-99200401 Directorate General Health Punjab

M. Asif. Mahmood Entomologist

Public Health Pesticide

Any minor use pesticide used predominantly in public health programs for vector control or other recognized health protection uses

Historical Back Ground of use of insecticides

Before the 2nd world war:
Natural products and its derivatives Inorganic - lead and arsenic Organic -nicotine, pyrethrum etc

After 2nd World War: (Era of Pesticide revolution)

Organic Pesticides:

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons : DDT , BHC etc. OP, Carbamat, Pyrithroids

Selection of Pesticide
The susceptibility status Application Cost / unit area Safety to humans & non-target organisms Registration / WHO prequalification Trials under local conditions Availability of equipment & transport needs. Availability in local market Capacity of staff

Pesticide formulations
Facilitate delivery of the pesticide to the

intended target
Enhance stability

Improve safety & efficacy

Facilitate handling of the product.

continue Bait : Attractant and be eaten by the target pest. Capsule suspension: (CS) A/I encased in microscopic polymer capsules Dust-able powder:(DP) Suitable for dusting, control lice, fleas & ants. Emulcifiable concentrate: (EC) AI and surfactants in a water -immiscible solvent Granules (GR/ SG) AI with coating of coarse inert carrier particles with Suspension concentrate: Suspension of active ingredient in water

ULV liquid:
Solution, in a water-immiscible solvent

WDG:
The active ingredient with inert material in granular form

Water-dispersible tablets: (WDT)

used for treatment of mosquito nets

Wettable powders and water-dispersible powders:

AI + wetting agent + inert carrier

Pesticide application equipment

Hand-operated compression sprayers: (IRS) Mist blowers (power-operated)
Portable or vehicle-mounted. Use for mist space spraying

Aerosol generators (used for cold fogging) Thermal foggers Dusters (plunger-type duster)

WHO Recommended Sprayer and Its Parts for indoor residual spray

General principles of safety measures

All Pesticides are toxic to both pests and humans. However, they need not be hazardous to humans and non-target animal species if suitable precautions are taken.
Risk of Adverse Affects: Inhaled ,Ingested or in contact with the skin for a long time. Contamination of drinking-water, food or soil. Special precautions:Transport, storage and handling. Spray equipment should be regularly cleaned and maintained to prevent leaks. Only trained staff should be deputed to work with the pesticides

Safety precautions
Spray men less exposed than IRS Mainly to the hands and arms are exposed. PPEs must be weared WHO recommended doses of Temephos, methoprene, Bti can be used to in drinkingwater containers Such treatment should always be made with pesticide formulations that ensure accurate and reliable dosing. Trained staff deputed for this purpose

Precautions

The label
Packing and labelling - WHO specifications
English and in the local language Contents, safety instructions (warnings) and possible measures in the event of swallowing or contamination. Gross & net weight of the contents

Expiry & Manufacturing date

Manufacturing license number & complete address Always keep pesticides in their original containers Take safety measures and wear protective clothing as recommended.

Storage and transport

Kept under Lock & Key Out of reach of unauthorized people or children Can not be mistaken for food or drink. Keep them dry but away from fires and direct sunlight.

Do not carry them in a vehicle that is also used to transport food.

Disposal
Left over insecticides and Packing materials Disposed of safely In dug hole in the ground or a pit latrine Away from source of drinking water & Food, Fish ponds and rivers

Methodoly
Dig a hole at least 100 metres away from streams, wells and houses. The hole should be on the lower side in hilly areas Pour run-off water from hand washings and spray washings into the hole, and bury containers, boxes and bottles used for pesticides in it. Close the hole as soon as possible. Cardboard, paper and cleaned plastic containers can be burned

General hygiene
Do not eat, drink or smoke while using insecticides. Keep food in tightly closed boxes.

Use suitable equipment for measuring out, mixing and

transferring insecticides Do not stir liquids or scoop pesticide with bare hands. Use the pressure-release valve of the pump or a soft probe to clear blockages in the nozzle

Wash the hands and face with soap and water each time
the pump has been refilled. Take a shower or bath at the end of the day.

Protective clothing
Uniform of Spray men:Head Cover (HelmentHat or turban) Face Shield Mask (Nose and mouth cover) Goggles Hand Gloves Overalls or shirts with long sleeves and trousers Close Shoes or boots ( Sandals are unsuitable). 2 sets , daily washing

Care should be taken not to touch any part of the body with gloves while handling pesticides.

Control Measures

Personal protection: Protective clothing Mats, coils and aerosols Repellents Natural: Citronella oil, lemon grass oil, rose bary and neem oil etc. Chemical: DEET ((N, N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide) & Picaridin ([2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid 1methylpropyl ester]

Insecticide-treated materials:

Nets and curtains

Curtains and Sofa cloths made of impregnated materials cause the killing of mosquitoes for long periods LLIN Protect infants and night workers who sleep by day. Three years of recommended use under field conditions.

Always treated with Pyrethroid insecticides

Larviciding
A chemical used as an agent to destroy the larvae of mosquitoes
2 to 3 cycles with monitoring of efficacy

Bio-Pesticides
Fish
Larvivorus fish (Gambusia affinis and Poecilia reticulata) Applicability and efficiency depends on the type of containers used.

Bacteria
Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H-14 (Bt.H-14): An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti, Bacillus sphaericus (Bs): Culex mosquitoes Rapidly settle at the bottom so frequent applications are required photolabile and is destroyed by sunlight.

Cyclopods (Crustaceans):
Copepods are affectively used as predators of mosquito larvae research is required on the feasibility of operational use

WHO Recommended Larvicides

Measurement of Spray-able area

Measure average of 10 foot steps = ?meters by measuring tape Make walk around the breeding place Convert number of foots to meters (length of breeding site) Multiply with 1.5 (width of breeding site) Calculate amount of Larvicide required

Temephos (Abate)
Temephos 1 % sand granules Dosage: 1ppm (10g /100 L of water Effective period : 4-12 weeks if water is not replaced, generally 10-15 days Application Method: By hand casting , strainer, or seed horn Temephos 50 % EC Dosage: 0.o4 ml / m2 Application Method: By hand compression sprayer
Mix 16 Ml with 10 L water and spray over area of 400 m2 water body

Fenthion 2% SG (Baytex)
Dose : 0.55 g/ m2 up to 15 cm depth
Application by hand casting

Malar Oil Mixture of Diesel and kerosin oil Ratio 2: 1

Dosage: 9-13 ml / m2
Application by Compression sprayer

Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) Apply granules / diluted spray to Inhibit the development of larvae Larvicide (IGR) rs-Methoprene Pyriproxyfen Diflubenzuron Formulation EC GR DT, GR, WP 1 0.01 0.02 to 0.25 Dosage of active ingredient (Mg/ Litter)

Novaluron

EC

0.01 to 0.05

Indoor Residual Spray:- (Generally not

recommended for Dengue Control)

Application of residual insecticides the to interior walls of houses and other structures1 where people sleep and where the vector mosquitoes rest after taking a blood meal. IRS interrupts the cycle before the female mosquito can further transmit the infection.

Peri-focal Residual Spray:

Application of residual insecticides the to interior & exterior walls of containers (breeding places) and other structures (up to 60 cm distance) where mosquito rests after emergence /before oviposition. (drinking water containers not sprayed.

WHO Recommended Insecticides for IRS

Class II, moderately hazardous; class III, slightly hazardous; class U, unlikely to pose an acute hazard in normal use

Conducting Indoor Residual Spraying House Preparation for IRS

Respecting People and Property Good conduct, seek permission of entry remove all household goods, except those that

are immovable.
Items hanging on walls, Clothing Agricultural implements

Food, food containers, and water jars

Cooking utensils and dishes All other remove-able items

Spraying Techniques
Follow these steps to spray each house: 1. Spray the outside of the front door. 2. Close the door and Spray the inside of the front door. 3. Spray all of the edges and frame of the door. 4. Open the door again to allow light into the room. 5. While moving left to right, start spraying by moving the lance steadily from the floor up to the ceiling. (maintain swath width of 75 Cm / 32 ) 6. Maintain distance of 45 CM/ 18 of the Nozzle tip from the wall. 7. Maintain spray speed of 1m / 2.2 second by counting 1001, 1002, 1003. 8. Move a step to the right equal to the width of the spray swath or 75 cm, and spray from the ceiling to the floor. Continue procedure till you reach starting point. 9. Make final inspection when spray is complete and fill the data forms

Space Spray
Thermal Fog Cold Fog /Ultra-low-volume applications

Space sprays: Application of small droplets of insecticide into the air to kill
adult mosquitoes.

Little effect on the mosquito population. Negative effect on community-based source reduction programmes. From a political viewpoint: conveys the message that the government is taking action.
Poor justification for using space sprays.

Recommended only during Emergency situation: Right time, at the right place, Prescribed instructions with maximum coverage; so that the fog penetration effect is complete enough to achieve the desired results.

Thermal Vs Cold Fogging

Thermal fogging
Usually diluted with oil-based carrier bad odour & staining Large amount of Diluent High cost of Dil & spray application Break up the chemical into very small droplets by heat/ Fire risk Can penetrate areas with dense vegetation Easy to monitor movement Traffic hazards

Cold fogging (ULV treatment)

Usually in very concentrated forms / water Based Utilize only very small amount of Chemical (low cost) Break up the chemical into very small droplets by mechanical means/ No fire risk do Difficult to monitor movement / High technical staff required. No traffic hazard No obstruction to penetration

Public Obstruct penetration of fog into houses by closing windows and doors.

Insecticides suitable for cold aerosol or thermal fog applications against mosquitoes

Dosage Ai G/ Hac Insecticide Chemical Cold Aerosol Thermal Fog Hazard Level

Malathion Deltamethrin
D-Phenothrin Etofenprox -Cyhalothrin Permethrin Resmethrin

OP Pyr
Pyr Pyr Pyr Pyr Pyr

112600 0.51.0
520 1020 1.0 5 24

500600 0.51.0
1020 1.0 10 4

III II
U U II II III

Application Procedure
Thermal fogs : 10 to 50 L / ha Cold Fog /ULV: 0.5 to 2 L / ha Application Cycle (In emergency/out break) Every 2 to 3 days for first 10 days Further applications : once / Twice per week Entomological Reports necessary

Wind Speed
14 metres per second (approximately 3.615 km/hour) is needed to drift the droplets downwind Wind speed can be measured using a handheld anemometer.

Temperature Affect (Inversion is the best)

Figure 7.

Air movement as indicated by smoking chimneys: (A) still; (B) in wind; (C) under inversion.

Optimum Timing: Early morning or late afternoon.

Monitoring spraying operations

An operational log (daily report form) must be kept, showing pertinent data including the area treated, the date and time of application, meteorological conditions, type and amount of insecticide delivered and any operational difficulties encountered. The log must be regularly checked by the supervisor, who should record remarks on the performance of the equipment, malfunctions and hazards encountered. Final reports for governing agencies must present an accurate picture of how equipment is functioning to determine its suitability and how the programme is progressing.

Emergency measures Signs and symptoms of poisoning vary with the type of pesticide and can sometimes be confused with those of other illnesses.

Signs of Pesticide Poisoning

General Skin Eyes extreme weakness and fatigue irritation, burning sensation, excessive sweating, staining itching, burning sensation, watering, difficult or blurred vision, narrowed or widened pupils burning sensation in mouth and throat, excessive salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea

Digestive system

Nervous system
Respiratory system

headaches, dizziness, confusion, restlessness, muscle twitching, slurred speech, fits, unconsciousness
cough, chest pain and tightness, difficulty with breathing, wheezing

It is important to obtain additional information: Has the patient been working with a pesticide? Did contamination occur? Precisely which product was used? How much was ingested? How long ago?

evidence from pesticide containers or spray equipment; the labels on containers should be read and retained.

If pesticide poisoning is suspected, first aid must be given immediately and medical advice and help must be sought at the earliest opportunity. If possible, the patient should be taken to the nearest medical facility.