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Selection of Pesticide
The susceptibility status Application Cost / unit area Safety to humans & non-target organisms Registration / WHO prequalification Trials under local conditions Availability of equipment & transport needs. Availability in local market Capacity of staff
Pesticide formulations
Facilitate delivery of the pesticide to the
intended target
Enhance stability
continue Bait : Attractant and be eaten by the target pest. Capsule suspension: (CS) A/I encased in microscopic polymer capsules Dust-able powder:(DP) Suitable for dusting, control lice, fleas & ants. Emulcifiable concentrate: (EC) AI and surfactants in a water -immiscible solvent Granules (GR/ SG) AI with coating of coarse inert carrier particles with Suspension concentrate: Suspension of active ingredient in water
ULV liquid:
Solution, in a water-immiscible solvent
WDG:
The active ingredient with inert material in granular form
Aerosol generators (used for cold fogging) Thermal foggers Dusters (plunger-type duster)
WHO Recommended Sprayer and Its Parts for indoor residual spray
Safety precautions
Spray men less exposed than IRS Mainly to the hands and arms are exposed. PPEs must be weared WHO recommended doses of Temephos, methoprene, Bti can be used to in drinkingwater containers Such treatment should always be made with pesticide formulations that ensure accurate and reliable dosing. Trained staff deputed for this purpose
Precautions
The label
Packing and labelling - WHO specifications
English and in the local language Contents, safety instructions (warnings) and possible measures in the event of swallowing or contamination. Gross & net weight of the contents
Disposal
Left over insecticides and Packing materials Disposed of safely In dug hole in the ground or a pit latrine Away from source of drinking water & Food, Fish ponds and rivers
Methodoly
Dig a hole at least 100 metres away from streams, wells and houses. The hole should be on the lower side in hilly areas Pour run-off water from hand washings and spray washings into the hole, and bury containers, boxes and bottles used for pesticides in it. Close the hole as soon as possible. Cardboard, paper and cleaned plastic containers can be burned
General hygiene
Do not eat, drink or smoke while using insecticides. Keep food in tightly closed boxes.
Wash the hands and face with soap and water each time
the pump has been refilled. Take a shower or bath at the end of the day.
Protective clothing
Uniform of Spray men:Head Cover (HelmentHat or turban) Face Shield Mask (Nose and mouth cover) Goggles Hand Gloves Overalls or shirts with long sleeves and trousers Close Shoes or boots ( Sandals are unsuitable). 2 sets , daily washing
Care should be taken not to touch any part of the body with gloves while handling pesticides.
Control Measures
Personal protection: Protective clothing Mats, coils and aerosols Repellents Natural: Citronella oil, lemon grass oil, rose bary and neem oil etc. Chemical: DEET ((N, N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide) & Picaridin ([2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid 1methylpropyl ester]
Insecticide-treated materials:
Curtains and Sofa cloths made of impregnated materials cause the killing of mosquitoes for long periods LLIN Protect infants and night workers who sleep by day. Three years of recommended use under field conditions.
Larviciding
A chemical used as an agent to destroy the larvae of mosquitoes
2 to 3 cycles with monitoring of efficacy
Bio-Pesticides
Fish
Larvivorus fish (Gambusia affinis and Poecilia reticulata) Applicability and efficiency depends on the type of containers used.
Bacteria
Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H-14 (Bt.H-14): An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti, Bacillus sphaericus (Bs): Culex mosquitoes Rapidly settle at the bottom so frequent applications are required photolabile and is destroyed by sunlight.
Cyclopods (Crustaceans):
Copepods are affectively used as predators of mosquito larvae research is required on the feasibility of operational use
Temephos (Abate)
Temephos 1 % sand granules Dosage: 1ppm (10g /100 L of water Effective period : 4-12 weeks if water is not replaced, generally 10-15 days Application Method: By hand casting , strainer, or seed horn Temephos 50 % EC Dosage: 0.o4 ml / m2 Application Method: By hand compression sprayer
Mix 16 Ml with 10 L water and spray over area of 400 m2 water body
Fenthion 2% SG (Baytex)
Dose : 0.55 g/ m2 up to 15 cm depth
Application by hand casting
Dosage: 9-13 ml / m2
Application by Compression sprayer
Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) Apply granules / diluted spray to Inhibit the development of larvae Larvicide (IGR) rs-Methoprene Pyriproxyfen Diflubenzuron Formulation EC GR DT, GR, WP 1 0.01 0.02 to 0.25 Dosage of active ingredient (Mg/ Litter)
Novaluron
EC
0.01 to 0.05
Application of residual insecticides the to interior walls of houses and other structures1 where people sleep and where the vector mosquitoes rest after taking a blood meal. IRS interrupts the cycle before the female mosquito can further transmit the infection.
Class II, moderately hazardous; class III, slightly hazardous; class U, unlikely to pose an acute hazard in normal use
Respecting People and Property Good conduct, seek permission of entry remove all household goods, except those that
are immovable.
Items hanging on walls, Clothing Agricultural implements
Spraying Techniques
Follow these steps to spray each house: 1. Spray the outside of the front door. 2. Close the door and Spray the inside of the front door. 3. Spray all of the edges and frame of the door. 4. Open the door again to allow light into the room. 5. While moving left to right, start spraying by moving the lance steadily from the floor up to the ceiling. (maintain swath width of 75 Cm / 32 ) 6. Maintain distance of 45 CM/ 18 of the Nozzle tip from the wall. 7. Maintain spray speed of 1m / 2.2 second by counting 1001, 1002, 1003. 8. Move a step to the right equal to the width of the spray swath or 75 cm, and spray from the ceiling to the floor. Continue procedure till you reach starting point. 9. Make final inspection when spray is complete and fill the data forms
Space Spray
Thermal Fog Cold Fog /Ultra-low-volume applications
Space sprays: Application of small droplets of insecticide into the air to kill
adult mosquitoes.
Little effect on the mosquito population. Negative effect on community-based source reduction programmes. From a political viewpoint: conveys the message that the government is taking action.
Poor justification for using space sprays.
Recommended only during Emergency situation: Right time, at the right place, Prescribed instructions with maximum coverage; so that the fog penetration effect is complete enough to achieve the desired results.
Public Obstruct penetration of fog into houses by closing windows and doors.
Insecticides suitable for cold aerosol or thermal fog applications against mosquitoes
Dosage Ai G/ Hac Insecticide Chemical Cold Aerosol Thermal Fog Hazard Level
Malathion Deltamethrin
D-Phenothrin Etofenprox -Cyhalothrin Permethrin Resmethrin
OP Pyr
Pyr Pyr Pyr Pyr Pyr
112600 0.51.0
520 1020 1.0 5 24
500600 0.51.0
1020 1.0 10 4
III II
U U II II III
Application Procedure
Thermal fogs : 10 to 50 L / ha Cold Fog /ULV: 0.5 to 2 L / ha Application Cycle (In emergency/out break) Every 2 to 3 days for first 10 days Further applications : once / Twice per week Entomological Reports necessary
Wind Speed
14 metres per second (approximately 3.615 km/hour) is needed to drift the droplets downwind Wind speed can be measured using a handheld anemometer.
Air movement as indicated by smoking chimneys: (A) still; (B) in wind; (C) under inversion.
Emergency measures Signs and symptoms of poisoning vary with the type of pesticide and can sometimes be confused with those of other illnesses.
Digestive system
Nervous system
Respiratory system
headaches, dizziness, confusion, restlessness, muscle twitching, slurred speech, fits, unconsciousness
cough, chest pain and tightness, difficulty with breathing, wheezing
It is important to obtain additional information: Has the patient been working with a pesticide? Did contamination occur? Precisely which product was used? How much was ingested? How long ago?
evidence from pesticide containers or spray equipment; the labels on containers should be read and retained.
If pesticide poisoning is suspected, first aid must be given immediately and medical advice and help must be sought at the earliest opportunity. If possible, the patient should be taken to the nearest medical facility.