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between stress and strain is linear and independent of time. However, there are always some deviations from this perfect elastic behavior.
A B
for a sufficiently long time it warms up to room temperature and expands (line AB)
Adiabatic line A B
and its temperature increases. When allowed to cool it cools to room tamperature (line CO). This is called an adiabatic process. There is no heat exchange of the material with the environment. In other words the mechanical and thermal deformations can be identified.
its temperature remains constant (because of the heat exchange with the environment), youll obtain the isothermal behaviour as represented by line OB.
Isothermal line
As seen from the figure Eadiabatic > Eisothermal In real life, the changes are not adiabatic,
there will always be some heat exchange. Thus the - will assume the following shape. This loop is called as HYSTERESIS LOOP and represents the amount of heat dissipated (energy loss) during loading and unloading.
The area of a hystresis loop is small especially for metals. From an engineering point of view, the energy loss leads to heating, damping of vibrations and also contributes to friction, particularly in materials like rubber.
a material as a result of its deformation is called THERMOELASTIC EFFECT, this effect is due to a phenemenon called RETARDED ELASTICITY.
In the elastic analysis of metals it is assumed that elastic strain is a function of stress only. This is strictly not true since there is time dependence to elasticity. In metals the effect is very small and usually neglected. In polymers the effect is much more significant. The general name for this time dependence is anelasticity.
aspects of anelasticity.
Example 1:
P1 5cm 10cm P3 P2
P2 50cm P3 P1
The steel prismatic member is subjected to the following load combination. P1=900kN P2=-900kN P3=900kN =0.26, E=200GPa a) Find the change in volume. b) What must be the magnitude of the compressive load if there is to be no change in volume?
a) 1 =
P1 A1
P1 A1
2 =
-P2 A2
-900*103 500x50
= - 0.036 GN/m2
A2 P2
3 =
P3 A3
900*103 500x100
= 0.018 GN/m2
A3
P3
avg =
1+2+3 3
V0 = 0.05 x 0.10 x 0.5 = 2.5x10-3 m2 200 E = 138.96 GN/m2 = K= 3(1-2) 3(1-2*0.26) 0.054
138.96 =
V/2.5x10-3
V = 9.7x10-7 m3
b) For V = 0
= 0.5
or avg = 0
Example 2: An aluminum alloy rod 3 cm in diameter and 75 cm in length is subjected to a tensile load of 2000 kgf. Calculate: a) Longitudinal strain, l b) Change in length, l c) Change in diameter, d Material properties are: E = 7x105 kgf/cm2 & = 0.33
2000 kgf
75
cm
cm
2000 kgf
a) E =
l = E
l = 4.042x10-4 cm/cm
b) l =
L L
L = 4.042x10-4 * 75 =0.0303 cm
lat c) = long
lat = . l d = . l . d
Shortening
d) K =
avg V/V0
E 3(1-2)
avg*3*(1-2) V = V0 E V = V0 avg*3*(1-2)
E
*
= = 0.073 cm3
Volume expansion
Example 3: A steel bar having a diameter of 1 cm shows a unit elongation of 0.0007 when a uniaxial tensile load is applied. Determine the load P. E = 2.1x106 kgf/cm2
=
E & =
P A
P A.E
P=.A.E