6.

The CPU and Memory

Chapt. 7 ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Introduction
The Little Man Computer (LMC) is cute, but
Real computers
Memory is separate from the CPU Data are in binary (not decimal) Central Processing Unit

ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Components of a CPU
ALU (arithmetic and logic unit)
Perform arithmetic and logic operations Arithmetic: add, subtract, multiply, divide, etc. Logic: AND, OR, NOT, Shift, etc.

Control unit
Interprets instructions Controls the flow of information within the CPU Works with a program counter (address of next instruction)

Input/output interface
Provides mechanism for input and output of data Many variations possible
p. 166 ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

LMC Counterparts
ALU Input/output interface
456

123

00 01 02 03 04 05

123 500 199 500 399

Control unit
95 96 97 98 99 05

789

123

Program counter
p. 167 ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

System Block Diagram

CPU
ALU Input/output interface

Memory

Control unit Program counter

ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Registers
A register is a single storage location within the CPU Unlike memory, which is outside the CPU Examples of registers:
Accumulator (ACC) Program counter (PC) Instruction register (IR) Memory address register (MAR) Memory data register (MDR) Status register

General purpose registers (R0, R1, )

Included on some CPUs Used for high-speed temporary storage of program variables
Introduction to Information Technologies

ITEC 1011

Memory Unit
n bits Memory address register
bit 0

Memory cell
bit 1 0 1 2 3 4

Address decoder

bit n - 1 0 1 2 m-1

2n-1

Memory data register

ITEC 1011

m bits
p. 170

Introduction to Information Technologies

Memory Capacity
2n x m n address bits = 2n addresses m data bits m is the width of the data path Typical values:
n: 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, etc. m: 8, 16, 32, 64

ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Question
Q: How many bits of memory are contained in a memory unit with 512KB of memory? A: 512 = 29, K = 210, B = byte = 8 = 23 29 x 210 x 23 = 222 = 4,194,304

ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Exercise Memory Capacity

Q: How many bits of memory are contained in a memory unit with 2MB of memory? A:

Skip answer
ITEC 1011

Answer

Introduction to Information Technologies

Exercise Memory Capacity

Answer

Q: How many bits of memory are contained in a memory unit with 2MB of memory? A: 2 = 21, M = 220, B = byte = 8 = 23 21 x 220 x 23 = 224 = 16,777,216

ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Memory Implementations
RAM random access memory
Static RAM Dynamic RAM

ROM read-only memory

p. 175 ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Fetch-Execute Cycle
Two steps, or cycles, in the execution of every instruction
Fetch fetch the code for the instruction from memory and place it in the IR (instruction register) Execute execute the instruction

A pretty picture sometimes helps

Fetch
ITEC 1011

Execute time

Introduction to Information Technologies

The Store Instruction

Fetch

PC MAR MDR IR IR[address] MAR

time

Execute

A MDR PC + 1 PC

ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

The Add Instruction

Fetch

PC MAR MDR IR IR[address] MAR

time

Execute

A + MDR A PC + 1 PC

ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Buses
Definition: a collection of wires with a common purpose Each wire is called a line Typically, buses carry information from one place to another

From our first lecture

ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

bus

Printer
Mouse Keyboard Ports

Disk controller

Modem
CPU RAM

Graphics card
Sound card Network card

Monitor

Speakers

Computer
ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Types of Buses (1 of 3)
Point-to-point
Serial port Modem

Control unit

ALU

ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Types of Buses (2 of 3)
Multipoint
Computer Computer

Computer

Computer

CPU Disk controller

ITEC 1011

Memory
Video controller

Introduction to Information Technologies

Types of Buses (3 of 3)
Daisy chain
Device controller Device Device Device

Terminator
ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Buses Inside a Computer

Data bus Address bus Control bus CPU

I/O Module
Memory

Motherboard
Many configurations possible

I/O Device
ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Data Bus
Carries data between the CPU and memory or I/O devices Bi-directional
Data transferred out of the CPU for write operations Data transferred into the CPU for read operations

Typical sizes: 8, 16, 32, 64 lines Signal names:

D0, D1, D2, D3, etc.

ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Address Bus
Carries an address from the CPU to Memory or I/O devices Unidirectional
The address is always supplied by the CPU
(There is one exception to this, which well discuss later.)

Typical sizes: 16, 20, 24 lines Signal names:

A0, A1, A2, A3, etc.

ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Control Bus
Collection of signals for coordinating CPU activities Each signal has a unique purpose Typical sizes: 10-20 lines Signals are output, input, or bi-directional Typical signals

ITEC 1011

/RD (read) /WR (write CLK (clock) /IRQ (interrupt request) etc.
Introduction to Information Technologies

Memory Maps
The usage of memory space on a system is commonly depicted in a memory map The height of the map is determined by the number of addresses The width of the map is usually 8 bits E.g.,
a system with a capacity of 216 bytes

ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Memory Map

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 FFFF

Data bit position

Hexadecimal address
ITEC 1011

0002 0001 0000

The bottom of memory

Introduction to Information Technologies

Use of Memory Maps

Memory maps are usually drawn to show what is where on a system The possibilities for what
RAM, ROM, I/O, nothing

The possibilities for where

Determined by the starting/ending addresses for each block of RAM, ROM, I/O, nothing

E.g.,
a memory map for a system with a capacity of 224 bytes with two 1 MB RAM modules residing consecutively at the bottom of memory
ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Memory Map

FFFFFF

14 MB 224 bytes = 16 MB capacity

200000 1FFFFF

empty

1 MB RAM
100000 0FFFFF

1 MB RAM
000000 ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Exercise Memory Space

Q: A system with a memory capacity of 128 GB has four 32 MB memory modules installed consecutively at the bottom of memory. The rest of the memory is unused. How much memory space is available for future expansion? (Give your answer in decimal in megabytes.) A: ?
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ITEC 1011

Answer

Introduction to Information Technologies

Exercise Memory Space

Answer

Q: A system with a memory capacity of 128 GB has four 32 MB memory modules installed. The rest of the memory is unused. How much memory space is available for future expansion? (Give your answer in decimal in megabytes.) A: 128 GB 4 x 32 MB = 27 x 210 MB - 22 x 25 MB = (217 27) MB = (131,072 128) MB = 130,944 MB
ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Exercise Memory Maps

Draw a memory map for a system with a capacity of 2 GB. Assume the system has three 32 MB memory modules residing consecutively at the bottom of memory. Illustrate the size of each block in MB and the starting and ending address of each block of memory in hexadecimal.
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ITEC 1011

Answer

Introduction to Information Technologies

Memory Map

Answer 7FFFFFFF

1,952 MB

empty
231 bytes = 2 GB capacity
06000000 05FFFFFF 04000000 03FFFFFF Note: 2 GB = 2,048 MB 02000000 01FFFFFF 00000000

32 MB RAM 32 MB RAM 32 MB RAM

ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Memory vs. I/O

Our system block diagram shows memory and I/O connected to the same buses (data, address, & control) This raises the question
How is I/O differentiated from memory?
(Well answer this in the next topic)

ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies

Thank you

ITEC 1011

Introduction to Information Technologies