Introduction

What is plasma membrane?

The plasma membrane (also known as cell membrane) is a thin molecular layer that surrounds all living cells. Plasma membrane found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, both plant and animal cell. The plasma membrane separates the cell from its surroundings, protects it from environmental changes, and regulates the traffic of molecules into and out of the cell. The plasma consists of various biological molecules, composed by phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol.

Phospolipids
What is phospholipids?
Phospholipids are special types of lipid, each molecules has an unusual property of having one end which is soluble in water. If they spread on the surface of water they form a single layer with their heads in the water because these are polar (hydrophilic) and their tails projecting out of the water because these are non-polar (hydrophobic). If phospholipids are shaken up with water they can form stable structures in the water called micelles

Phospolipids

Phospolipids Bilayer
Here all the hydrophilic heads face outwards into the water, shielding the hydrophobic tails which point in towards each other. Alternatively , two layer structures called bilayer, can form in sheets.

This diagram shows phospholipids bilayer as a semipermeable membrane

Membrane Structure

Function
What are plasma Membrane functions?
Prevent unwanted material from entering the cell. Regulates exchange and transportation of chemicals into and out of the cell. Provide anchoring sites for filaments of cytoskeleton (a cellular 'skeleton' made of protein and contained in the cytoplasm) and gives shape to the cell. Cell membrane is responsible for attaching the cell to the extracellular matrix so that the cells group together to form tissues. Maintain a homeostatic environment in the cell.

Transportation
Through

Plasma Membrane

Passive Transport
What is passive transport?
Passive transport is the movement of molecules through plasma membrane that requires no energy on its process. Molecule passes trough plasma membrane because of different concentration between inside and outside the cell. In the following presentation we will be focusing on three types of passive transport : Simple diffusion, Facillitated diffusion, and Osmosis

Simple Diffusion
What is diffusion? Diffusion is movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. (The molecules move down a concentration gradient) In this process no energy is required to make the molecules move. Molecules have kinetic energy, which makes them move randomly and diffuse. As a result of diffusion molecules reach an equilibrium where they are evenly spread.

Simple Diffusion

Diffusion Rate Factor

The steepness of the concentration gradient. The bigger the difference between the two sides of the membrane the quicker the rate of diffusion. Temperature. Higher temperatures give molecules or ions more kinetic energy to diffuse. The surface area. The greater the surface area the faster the diffusion can take place. The size of molecule or ion diffusing. Large molecules need more energy to get them to move so they tend to diffuse more slowly.

Simple Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion
What is facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport that allows substances to cross membranes with the assistance of special transport proteins. Some molecules and ions such as glucose, sodium ions and chloride ions are unable to simply diffuse through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Carrier proteins bind to specific molecules, change shape and then deposit the molecules across the membrane.

Facilitated Diffusion

Osmosis
What is Osmosis?
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a selective permeable membrane from area of high concentration to lower concentration. We can also say that osmosis occurs from hypotonic solution to hypertonic solution. Osmosis is almost same as diffusion, but osmosis specifically transport water passing through plasma membrane. Water diffuse in two ways, either by diffusing across the phospholipid bilayer, or via aquaporin (a protein channel regulating water flow)

Osmosis

Osmosis

Cell Tonicity
What is cell tonicity?
Cell tonicity is a measure of the water potential of a cell compared to the outer environment. There are 3 conditions of cell tonicity : Isotonic, the concentration of water is the same on both inside the cell and outside. Hypotonic, more water inside the cell. Hypertonic, less water inside the cell.

Cell Tonicity

Active Transport
What is active transport?
Active transport is the pumping of molecules against their concentration and voltage gradient that require energy (ATP) Living cells often require the uptake of molecules to that are scarce in their environment We will be focusing on three types of active transport: Ion pump, Cotransport, and Na-K pump,

Ion Pump
What is ion pump?
Ion pumps (also called electrogenic pumps) are special proteins which actively transport ions resulting in an ionic and voltage gradient.

Cotransport
What is cotransport?
Cotransport, also known as coupled transport is the coupled passage of two molecules or ions across membrane. The Ratio of molecules transported is always the same.

Na-K Pump
What is Na-K pumps?
A mechanism of active transport that moves potassium ions into and sodium ions out of a cell along a protein channel. The sodium-potassium pump uses active transport, with energy supplied by ATP molecules, to move 3 sodium ions to the outside of the cell for each 2 potassium ions that it moves in.

Na-K Pump Diagram

Large Molecule Transport

How to transport large molecules?
Large molecules unable to simply diffuse, and transported via protein. Larger molecules are moved into and out of the cell using vesicles, which are small membrane sacs Moving larger molecules out of the cell is called exocytosis. Moving larger molecules into the cell is called endocytosis.

Endocytosis
What is Endocytosis?
Endocytosis is the process by which cells absorb molecules (such as proteins) by swallow them. It is used by all cells of the body because most substances important to them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic plasma or cell membrane. There are 3 types of endocytosis: Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor-Mediated endocytosis

Endocytosis

Endocytosis

Exocytosis
What is exocytosis?
Exocytosis is the opposite process of endocytosis, exocytosis is a process by which a cell release the contents of secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane. These secretory vesicles contain soluble proteins to be removed to the extracellular environment, including: waste materials, neurotransmitter, and hormones In this process the membrane of secretary vesicle will fuse with the cell membrane.

Exocytosis

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