Prashanth T 2009506079

Session Objectives
What is nuclear energy?
Why is it considered as a hazard? Why are control methods necessary?

Case Studies of major Nuclear Disasters

What is Nuclear Energy

Changes can occur in the structure of the nuclei of atoms. These changes are called nuclear reactions

Energy created in a nuclear reaction is called nuclear energy or atomic energy Could be produced in two ways which are Fission and Fusion

Pros and Cons Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy is widely used in production of electricity and nuclear radiations are widely used in fields of medicine and agriculture too. During World War II bombs dropped in 1. Hiroshima U-235,dropped on 6th August 1945. 2. Nagasaki U-238,dropped on 9th August 1945.

Little Boy - Hiroshima

Equivalent to 13 kilo tones of

TNT.

Caused fire across 11.2 km2 With only 1.38% of its

material fussioning.

Damaged the entire

infrastructure in an area of radius 5km clothes.

Powerful enough to burn

Fat Man - Nagasaki

Equivalent to 21 kilo tones of TNT. Generated heat estimated 3900 degrees Celsius. Wind speed of about 1005 km/hr.

Radius of destruction about 1.6 mile.

Ionization Health Effects

Nausea and vomiting

Reduction in bodies defences

Reddening of skin Loss of weight & hair

Blistering and ulceration of skin

Cataracts Cancer Genetic defects (affects subsequent generations)

Sieverts
The sievert (symbol: Sv) is the International System

of Units (SI) SI derived unit of dose equivalent radiation The unit sievert measures the equivalent dose of radiation (H), having the same damaging effect as an equal dose of gamma rays The hourly doses are 1.6 Sv/h (14 mSv/year) in the city of Fukushima and 0.062 Sv/h (0.54 mSv/year) in Tokyo Maximum acceptable dose for the public from any man made facility: 1 mSv/year

Working of a Nuclear Reactor - Video

Chernobyl Case study

Ukraine which was a part of USSR in 26th APR 1986 one of the reactors suffered a catastrophic power

increase, leading to explosions in its core. This dispersed large quantities of radioactive fuel and core materials into the atmosphere. The Chernobyl Disaster remains the only Level 7 incident on the International Nuclear Event Scale created an immense radioactive cloud that was detected all over the European continent and even fell to the ground in Ireland in the form of light nuclear rain

Chernobyl Case study 2

Benefits are still being paid to 7 million people

affected by the Chernobyl disaster aftermath of the disaster (between 1986 and 2000), +/- 350,000 people were evacuated and resettled world's worst nuclear accident that took 10 days to

control the runaway reaction

Fused fingers (monodactyly) to form a paddle and

more than 5 digits (polydactyly) in hands and feet were the genetic defects observed in Chernobyl

Leukemia and breast cancer are the two common types of cancers linked to exposure to radiations

Fukushima Reactor Case study

Magnitude 9.0 earthquake rocked Japan and set loose

a massive tsunami March 11 Another level-7 rating on the sliding scale of nuclear disasters after chernobyl Disaster is 200 times worse than Hiroshima Exposure Half-life of iodine 131, a dangerous radioactive isotope released in nuclear accidents: eight days Half-life of cesium 137, another major radionuclide released in nuclear accidents: 30 years Decay products of iodine 131 and cesium 137: both emit gamma rays and beta particles (electrons or positrons)

Instruments used for nuclear control

control rods
Used in nuclear reactors for controlling rate of fission of uranium and plutonium

plutonium oxide container

Used for disposition of dangerous plutonium

AWDREY (ATOMIC WEAPONS DETECTION RECOGNITION AND ESTIMATION OF YIELD)-

USED IN COLD WAR FOR DETECTION OF ANY NUCLEAR EXPLOSION

BOMB -POWER INDICATOR- (BPI)

RECORDS THE POSITION OF NUCLEAR DETONATION