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FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations

Chapter 5

In-Situ Geotechnical Tests
NHI Course on Subsurface
Investigations
Lesson 7

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
"In-Situ"
Latin: In its original position
Why perform in-situ testing?

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
In-Situ Testing - Objectives
Select in-situ tests for augmenting,
supplementing, and even replacing borings.
Realize the applicability of various in-situ
methods to different soil conditions.
Recognize the complementary nature of in-
situ direct push methods with conventional
rotary drilling & sampling methods.
Recognize values for utilizing these methods
and quality implications for their underuse.


FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Outline of Geotechnical Site
Characterization Methods
Drilling & Sampling
In-Situ Tests
o Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
o Cone Penetration Test (CPT + CPTu)
o Flat Plate Dilatometer (DMT)
o Pressuremeter (PMT)
o Vane Shear (VST)
Geophysical Methods
o Mechanical Waves (P-, S-, R-waves)
o Electromagnetic (radar, resistivitity)

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
In-Situ Geotechnical Tests for Soils

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Truck-Mounted Drill Rigs
Layne Drilling

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
All-Terrain Drill Rigs
McLean, VA GT Campus, Atlanta, GA

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Track-Mounted Drill Rigs
Steele, Missouri

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
Split-Barrel Samplers

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
Very common test worldwide
1902 - Colonel Gow of Raymond Pile Co.
Split-barrel sample driven in borehole
Conducted on 5-ft depth intervals (1.5-m).
ASTM D 1586 guidelines
Drop Hammer (140-lbs falling 30 inches)
(63.5-kg hammer falling 0.76 meters)
Three-increments of 150-mm each; Sum
last two increments = "N-value" (blows/ft)

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Standard Penetration Test
Advantages Disadvantages
Obtain Sample +
Number
Simple & rugged
device at low cost
Suitable in many soil
types
Can perform in weak
rocks
Available throughout
the U.S. (worldwide)
Obtain Sample +
Number
Disturbed sample
(index tests only)
Crude number for
analysis
Not applicable in soft
clays and silts
High variability and
uncertainty
Corrections to SPT N-value
N
measured
= Raw SPT Resistance (ASTM D 1586).
N
60
= (ER/60) N
measured
= Energy-Corrected N
Value where ER = energy ratio (ASTM D 4633). Note:
30% < ER < 100% with average ER = 60% in the U.S.
N
60
~ C
E
C
B
C
S
C
R
N
meas
= Estimated corrected N
For Clean Sands: (N
1
)
60
= C
N
N
60
= Energy-
corrected SPT N-value normalized to an effective
overburden stress level of one atmosphere:
(N
1
)
60
= (N
60
)/(o
vo
)
0.5
with stress given in atm.
(Note: 1 atm = 1 bar = 100 kPa = 1 tsf).


FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 10 20 30 40 50
Measured N-values
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
e
t
e
r
s
)
Donut
Saf ety
Sequence
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 10 20 30 40 50
Corrected N
60
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
e
t
e
r
s
)
Donut
Saf ety
Trend
ER = 34 (energy ratio)
45
40
41
41
39
47
56
55
60
56
63
63
63
64
69
Data from Robertson, et al. (1983)

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
ADSC Load Test Site at Georgia Tech Campus

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
SPT Results at GT Campus

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
SPT Results at GT Campus

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Cone Penetrometers
Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
Electronic Steel Probes with 60 Apex Tip
ASTM D 5778 Procedures
Hydraulic Push at 20 mm/s
No Boring, No Samples, No Cuttings, No Spoil
Continuous readings of stress, friction, pressure

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Cone Penetration Testing (ASTM D 5778)
Cone Penetration Vehicles
Mobile 25-tonne rigs with hydraulic pushing systems. Enclosed
cabins to allow testing for all weather conditions
Cone Trucks
Cone Penetration Vehicles

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Electric Friction Cone Penetrometer
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 2 4 6 8
q
T
(MPa)
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 100 200 300
f
S
(kPa)
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
Georgia Tech Test Site

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Piezocone Penetrometers
Porewater Pressures Measured at Apex
McClelland Penetrometer Design

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Cone Penetrometer Types

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Cone Penetration Test
Advantages Disadvantages
Fast and continuous
profiling of strata
Economical and
productive
Results not operator-
dependent
Strong theoretical basis
for interpretation
Particularly suited to
soft soils
High capital
investment
Requires skilled
operator for field use
Electronics must be
calibrated &
protected
No soil samples
Unsuited to gravelly
soils and cobbles.
Corrections to CPT
*Need Type 2
Piezo-Element
at Shoulder
for q
c
q
t
Procedures for CPTu
Porous Element Materials
Sintered Metals
Ceramics
Plastics (disposable)
Saturation of Porous Elements:
Water
Glycerine
Silicone
Procedures:
Vacuum for 24-hours
Pre-saturated elements
Prophylactic to maintain fluids
Grease-Filled Slots - (no element)
CPTu Classification
Approximate Rules of Thumb:
Clean Quartz Sands
o tip stress q
c
~ q
t
> 5 MPa (50 tsf)
o porewater pressures: u
2
= u
b
~ u
o

(near hydrostatic)
Soft to Firm to Stiff Intact Clays
o q
t
< 5 MPa (50 tsf)
o porewater pressures u
2
different
than u
o
(usually greater)

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Geostratigraphy by Piezocone Tests, Blytheville, AR
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 10 20 30 40 50
q
t
(MPa)
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 100 200 300 400
f
s
(kPa)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 100 200 300 400
u
2
(kPa)
Clean
Sand
Clayey Silt
Clay
Sand

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Geostratigraphy by Piezocone Tests, Blytheville, AR
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 10 20 30 40 50
q
t
(MPa)
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 100 200 300 400
f
s
(kPa)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 1000 2000 3000
u
2
(kPa)
Clean
Sand
Clayey Silt
Clay
Sand

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Geostratigraphy by Piezocone Tests, Blytheville, AR
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 10 20 30 40 50
q
t
(MPa)
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 100 200 300 400
f
s
(kPa)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 1000 2000 3000
u
2
(kPa)
Clean
Sand
Clayey Silt
Clay
Sand

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Geostratigraphy by CPTu at Univ. Mass-Amherst
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 1 2 3 4
Tip Stress, q
t
(MPa)
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 20 40 60 80
Sleeve f
s
(kPa)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Porewater u
b
(MPa)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 100 200 300 400

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Vane Shear Test (VST)
Field Vane (FV) per ASTM D 2573
Performed at bottom of boring or by
direct push placement of device
Four-sided blade pushed into clays and
silts to measure following:
s
uv
(peak) = Peak Undrained Strength
s
uv
(remolded) = Remolded Strength (after 10 revolutions)
Sensitivity, S
t
= s
uv
(peak)/s
uv
(remolded)

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Vane Shear Test (VST)

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Vane Shear Devices
Scandinavian Vanes McClelland Offshore Vane

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Vane Shear Devices
Dutch Vane Equipment, Holland VST in Upstate NY

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Vane Shear Test
Advantages Disadvantages
Assessment of
undrained shear
strength of clays
Simple test and
equipment
Measure inplace
sensitivity
Long history of use in
practice, particularly
embankments,
foundations, & cuts
Limited to soft to
stiff clays & silts
with s
uv
< 200 kPa
Slow & time-
consuming
Raw s
uv
needs
empirical correction
Can be affected by
sand seams and
lenses

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Interpretation of
Undrained Shear Strength
(s
uv
) from Vane Shear Test
| | H i D i D D
T
s
B T
uv
6 ) cos / ( ) cos / (
12
2
+ +
=
t
Height H
Width D
i
T
i
B
T = measured torque

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Interpretation of s
uv
from Vanes
with H/D =2 Geometries
3 3
273 . 0
7
6
D
T
D
T
s
uv
= =
t
3
265 . 0
D
T
s
uv
=
3
257 . 0
D
T
s
uv
=
Rectangular



Nilcon



Geonor

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Results from Vane Shear Tests
San Francisco Bay Mud, MUNI Metro Station
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Vane Strength, s
uv
(kPa)
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
e
t
e
r
s
)
Peak
Remolded
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 1 2 3 4 5
Sensitivity, S
t
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
e
t
e
r
s
)

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Mobilized Strength: t
mob
=
R
s
uv

Correction Factor (Chandler, 1988)
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Plasticity Index, PI (%)
V
a
n
e

C
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n

F
a
c
t
o
r
,

R
t
f
= time to failure (minutes)
10
100
10
3

10
4
Correction for
Embankments Under
Normal Rates of
Construction

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Field Vane Equipment
Nilcon (mechanical)
Geonor (mechanical)
A.P. vanden Berg
Geotech AB (electrovane)
Envi (memovane)
Lab Vane Equipment
ASTM D 4648

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Flat Plate Dilatometer Test
Direct push of stainless steel plate at 20-
cm intervals; No borings; no cuttings.
Introduced by Marchetti (1980).
18
o
angled blade
Pneumatic inflation of flexible steel
membrane using nitrogen gas
Two pressure readings taken (A and B)
within about 1 minute

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Flat Plate Dilatometer Test (DMT)

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Dilatometer Test (DMT)
Advantages Disadvantages
Simple and Robust
Equipment
Repeatable and
Operator-Independent
Quick and Economical
Theoretical Derivations
for elastic modulus,
strength, stress history
Difficult to push in
dense and hard
materials
Primarily established
on correlative
relationships
Needs calibration for
local geologies


FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Flat Plate Dilatometer
Marchetti Device (ASCE JGE, March 1980;
ASTM Geot. Testing J., June 1986)

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Flat Dilatometer Test
Calibrations: AA, AB (positive values)
Readings: contact pressure "A" and
expansion pressure "B" with depth
Corrections for membrane stiffness in air:
p
0
~ A + AA p
1
=

B -AB

DMT INDICES:
I
D
= material index = (p
1
-p
o
)/(p
o
-u
o
)
E
D
= dilatometer modulus = 34.7(p
1
-p
o
)
K
D
= horizontal stress index =(p
o
-u
o
)/o
vo


FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
DMT in Piedmont Residuum, Charlotte, NC
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 200 400 600 800
Modulus E
D
(atm)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 500 1000 1500
Pressure (kPa)
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
e
t
e
r
s
)
Po
P1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 1 10
Material Index I
D
Clay Silt
Sand
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 5 10 15
Horiz. Index K
D

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Computerized DMT System

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Pressuremeter Test (PMT)

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Pressuremeter Test (PMT)
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Volume Change (cc)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
t
s
f
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 10 20 30 40 50
Creep (cc/min)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
t
s
f
)
Prebored PMT data from Utah DOT project

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Pre-Bored Pressuremeter
Menard Pressure Panel Texam Monocell Probe

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Self-Boring Pressuremeter
Professor Jean Benoit, UNH
Cambridge-Type Probe

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
CPTu in Piedmont Weathered Schist
23
34
71
34
56
67
50/6"
50/2"
50/3"
SPT-N
(bpf)
Fugro Sounding at MARTA site, North Atlanta

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Dual-Element Piezocone

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Cone Penetrometers
Triple-Element Piezocone
(Norwegian Institute of Technology)

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Cone Penetrometers
Quad-Element Piezocone (Oxford University)
Memocone (cableless system)
Memory chip in penetrometer. Sychronize
with depth wheel & data logger at surface
Audio- or Acoustic-cone (cableless system)
Uses audio signal to send CPTu data up
the inside of the rods. Decoder at surface

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Piezocone Penetrometers
Various Penetrometers Used at Georgia Tech

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Small
Portable
Track
CPT Rig

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
GT Geostar Anchored Cone Rig
Mud Island, Mississippi River, Memphis, TN

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
CPT Track Truck

FHWA - NHI Subsurface Investigations
Geophysical Methods
Mechanical Wave Measurements
Crosshole Tests (CHT)
Downhole Tests (DHT)
Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves
Seismic Refraction
Suspension Logging
Electromagnetic Wave Techniques
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Electromagnetic Conductivity (EM)
Surface Resistivity (SR)
Magnetometer Surveys (MT)

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