NETWORK MODELS

By Premanand Lotlikar

Agenda

Layered Tasks OSI Model Layers in the OSI Model TCP/IP protocol suite Addressing

Layered Tasks

Sending a letter

OSI Model

OSI Model

Is a set of protocols that allows any two different systems to communicate regardless of their underlying architecture It is NOT a protocol; It is a model for:
Understanding

and designing a network

architecture Which is flexible, robust and interoperable

Layered Architecture

OSI model composed of 7 layers Related functions collected into discrete groups (layers) Each layer has functions distinct from others Allows complete interoperability between incompatible systems

Peer-to-Peer Processes
Information moves down in the sending device and moves up in the receiving device Interface defines the information and services a layer must provide

Interfaces provide modularity to a network

Exchange in OSI model

OSI Model in working

Layers in the OSI Model

Physical Layer

Functions required to carry bit stream over physical medium Deals with mechanical and electrical specifications of the interface and transmission medium

Physical Layer

Physical layer also concerned with:

Physical

characteristics of interface and medium Representation of bits (how 0 & 1 changes to signals) Data rate Synchronization of bits Line configuration (P2P, Multipoint) Physical Topology Transmission mode (simplex, half-duplex, fullduplex)

Data Link Layer

Transform physical layer into a reliable link Makes the physical layer appear error-free to the upper layer

Data Link Layer

Framing Physical addressing (address of sender/receiver) Flow control Error control Access control (which device has control over the link)

Hop-to-Hop Delivery

Network Layer

Responsible for source-to-destination delivery of a packet Logical addressing

Adds

logical address of the sender and receiver

Routing

Source-to-Destination delivery

Transport Layer

Responsible for process-to-process delivery of the entire message Ensures that the entire message arrives intact and in order

Transport Layer

Service-point addressing
Port address NL gets each packet to the correct computer; TL gets the entire message to the correct process

Segmentation and Reassembly

Each segment contains sequence number Connectionless or Connection oriented

Connection control

Flow control (end2end; rather than single link) Error control (end2end; rather than single link)

Transport Layer

Session Layer

It is the network dialog controller Establishes, maintains and synchronizes interaction among communicating systems

Session Layer

Dialog control
Half-duplex

or Full-duplex

Synchronization
Transfer

of 1000 pages Sensible to keep a check after every 100 pages If 523 page fails, retransmitting only 500th page onwards and not all the pages from 1 onwards

Presentation Layer

Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged

Presentation Layer

Translation Encryption Compression

Application Layer

Enables user to access the network Provide user interfaces and support for services like email, DBMS, remote file etc

Application Layer

Network Virtual Terminal (remote logon) File transfer, access and management Mail services Directory services

Summary of layers

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Was developed prior to OSI model Original suite was defined as having 4 layers:
Host-to-Network,

Internet, Transport, Application

Today TCP/IP five layers are:

Physical Data

Link Network Transport Application

TCP/IP and OSI model

Protocols

Physical & Data Link Layer

Does

not define any specific protocol Supports all standard and proprietary protocols

Network Layer
Internetworking

Protocol (IP) IP uses 4 supporting protocols:

ARP

RARP
ICMP IGMP

IP Protocols

Internetworking Protocol (IP)

Unreliable,

connectionless protocol Best-effort delivery: no error checking or tracking Data packets are called Data grams Data grams can be out of sequence or duplicated IP keeps NO track of routes and no facility for reordering

IP Protocols

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP):

Associate a logical address with a physical address

Allows host to discover its Internet address when it knows only its physical address Used to send message of datagram problem back to the sender Facilitates simultaneous transmission of a message to a group of recipients

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP):

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP):

Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP):

Protocols

Transport Layer:
Represented

by TCP and UDP Responsible for delivery of a message from one process to another User Datagram Protocol (UDP):
Adds

only port address, checksum, error control and length information

Transmission
Reliable

Control Protocol (TCP):

stream transport protocol Connection oriented

Addressing

Addressing

Four levels of addressing:

Physical
Logical Port

Specific

Relationship of layers and addresses

Physical Addresses

Address of the node as defined by the LAN/WAN It is included in the frame used by data link layer Lowest level address

07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

Logical Addresses

Necessary for universal communication; independent of underlying physical network Logical addresses are for unique identity irrespective of the underlying physical network Currently logical address in the Internet is 32bit No two publicly addressed and visible hosts on the Internet can have the same IP address

IP addresses

Port Addresses

Recap

Q) The Internet model include: A) physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers Q) The transport layer is responsible for A) process-to-process delivery of the entire Q) The network layer oversees A) host-to-host delivery of individual packets Q) Processes on two or more devices communicating at a same layer are called: A) Peer-to-peer processes