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P.K.KALRA
No need of license for a generating company from CEA, state board or regulator if it complies with the technical standard relating to connectivity with the grid ,except for hydro power. Freedom for captive generation and dedicated transmission lines, operate and maintain sub stations. Permission of open access for a captive plant owner for his own use without any surcharge. No license for generating and distributing in rural area. Formulation of a National policy on rural distribution, local distribution and renewable/non-conventional resources.
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3.
1. 2.
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5. 6.
GENCO
GENCO
GENCO
TRANSMISSION
TRADERS
TRANSMISSION
DISTRIBUTION
DISCOM
DISCOM
DISCOM
CUSTOMER
CUSTOMER
CUSTOMER
GENCO GENCO
GENCO GENCO
IPP
Open Access in
Transmission
DISCOM DISCOM
DISCOM DISCOM
Customer Customer
Customer Customer
Effects of The Act 2003 on Generation System 1. More efficiency due to optimal scheduling and dispatch of electricity. 1. More private participation by - Captive generation. - Open access. - Delicensed generation. 3. More accountability for generation availability
Points to implement the Open Access in Transmission System 1. Formation of CTU/STU, ISO 2. Promotion to generators 3. Appropriate Transmission Pricing Method 4. Available Transfer Capacity 5. Congestion Management 6. Surcharge Calculation 7. Ancillary Service Management 8. Online information flow
P.K.KALRA
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4.
5.
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2. 1.
Responsibilities of CEA Transmission side Lay down Grid Standards. Distribution side Specify suitable measures relating to safety and electricity supply. Regulations for installation of meters.
Transmission Pricing
P.K.KALRA
assets. Provide signals to encourage efficient new investment on the supply and demand side of electricity market and other markets. Provide owners of network assets with means of generating an income stream which has a reasonable probability of delivering them a normal rate of return on their investment.
Objectives
Compensates owners of existing transmission assets (signal to transmission owners). Be simple and transparent - (important to market participants and public policymakers). Be politically "implement able- (especially important to regulators and public policymakers).
MW-Mile Method
The Megawatt-Mile pricing is based on the economic principle that the buyer pays only for the transmission capacity they use and nothing else. The power flow mile on each transmission line due to a transaction is calculated by multiplying the power flow and distance of the line. The total transmission system use is then the sum of all the power flow mile and this provides the measure of how much each transaction use the grid. Many economists prefer the Megawatt-Mile pricing concept because it encourages the efficient use of the transmission facility and the expansion of the system.
Spot Pricing
Spot pricing is designed to take advantage of short term operation of competitive power markets. Price bids are accepted every half hour or one hour. Transactions are settled at market clearing prices. Price bids are reconciled on the basis of economic dispatch. Spot price bid is efficient because it is linked to the operation of the transmission system. Spot prices are transparent and are based on market liquidity.
b. Resale rights
No Approximated No No
No Approximated No No
Comparative Parameters
Parameters Reactive Power drawl considered Line limits considered (Thermal ,etc) Voltage level for charging prices taken Congestion management MW-Mile Yes Yes Yes Can be managed Postage stamp No Assumed Approximated No Approximation Approximation Contract Path No Assumed Approximated No Approximation Approximation
Incentive for Ancillary Yes services Future trading point can be predicted with cost Yes
Chile
Open access
Pricing system based By separating on marginal supply regional prices costs Nodal pricing system By separating regional prices
Advance penalty factors for energy and capacity Advance incremental loss factors applied to energy and capacity
Argentina
Open access
International Experiences
New Zealand
Capped transmission Location based hedges at the north and marginal pricing south island reference system node were available Different prices for Losses depends on different network location factors and constraints- thermal, AC factors voltage/reactive power and spinning reserves
PJM
Customers can request for firm or non-firm contract, Financial Transmission Rights
Firm contracts are charged for congestion costs and non-firm customers pay charges ISO defines the congestion charge as the difference in zonal prices
WEPEX (US)
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Congestion Management
Congestion results when power flows in the transmission line are higher than allowed by the operating reliability limits. In other words, congestion occurs due to the operating constraints of the transmission lines. There are three constraints1) Voltage constraints 2)Thermal constraints 3)Stability constraints
P.K.KALRA
Ancillary Services
Ancillary services are defined as all those activities on the interconnected grid, that are necessary to support the transmission of power while maintaining reliable operation and ensuring the required degree of quality and safety. Ancillary services include: Voltage / Reactive Power control Scheduling and dispatch control Frequency control System stability control Operating reserve service Black start capabilities
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
Scheduling Recognized and Scheduling and Not recognized Recognized and and dispatch, provided dispatch not provided by NYISO system control recognized
Recognized and Recognized and paid to priced based on generators and embedded costs to synchronous generators only compensators only
Service
NGC
Svenska KraftnatNEMMCO
NYISO
Regulation and Provided through Primary regulation Recognized and frequency the balance service through bilateral compensated response contracts, service secondary regulation through the balance service
Recognized and priced based on market Recognized and price based on embedded costs
Provided
Speed of response
Capital cost
Slow Fast
Very low
No No
Excellent
Moderate
High
No Yes Yes
Fair, drops with Difficult to High V separate Excellent Difficult to High separate
-lines absorb more reactive power -load needs more voltage support
Locational aspects
Case 2: When local generation is cheaper source to supply local load. -line flows reduce -lines absorb less reactive power -local generation provides energy, reactive power -no need for more voltage support
Optimal Scheduling, Dispatching , Congestion Management Ancillary Service Management Model & Electricity Trading
P.K.KALRA
Ancillary services Ancillary services schedule and and schedule dispatch commands dispatch commands
(ISO)
Transmission schedule and dispatch commands
Load forecast
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Private Investments
The Private Sector (Transmission Licensee) will finance, construct, operate and maintain the identified transmission system. The entire transmission capacity will be available to POWERGRID/ SEBs as the case may be. The private Transmission Licensees would not be concerned with the third party access and wheeling issues. They would be operating the transmission system in accordance with the instructions of RLDC/ SLDC. Transmission Licensee will not be concerned with the quantum of energy that would be transmitted on the line.
P.K.KALRA
Power Quality Market in Context with Environmental Economics Permits should be created for: Harmonic emission (harmonic currents causing voltage distortion) Unbalanced load (unbalanced loads causing unbalanced voltages) Surge currents (surge currents causing voltage dips) Irregular, flicker causing loads
P.K.KALRA
Role of IT
Information plays a major role in the deregulated market to pass the information to ISO/RTO IT tool not only reduce the amount of time but also it takes a participant to execute its market strategy and they can also reduce the potential for errors. Market participants needs an IT system that will provide all constituencies with the operation data. IT needs from a single central repository that is accessible by everyone from traders to plant managers.
Role
Automating the information that defines this relationship reduces the potential for error and minimizes the Market participant's time to market. Automation and IT should minimize the amount of human invention required to interact with the market. Market participants need to be reply on a product that automatically validates beds against market rules for syntax, data independency and the ISO/RTO communication protocols. The trader, the scheduler or other Market participants staff member should be concerned with is marketing sound business decisions, not whether the information they are exchanging with market adheres to market requirements.
Tool to manage physical and financial assets, manage risk, participate in various market and decision tools to provide the edge in very competitive environment
A - Integration Infrastructure
Objectives
Minimize long term development of maintenance costs Allow parallel development external components Third party application Allow reusability of the components
Components
Configuration services Alarming services Messaging services Time services Task scheduling Data base services Logging services Calculating services Security services
Components
Real time monitoring and communication Control of resources and dispatch Supervisor control and data acquisition (SCADA) Historical information system Distributed generation management Demand side and supply side management
C - Market management
Objective
Provide the interface between participant, market operator and customer
Components
Communications module Market interface manager Market data manager Customer data manager
D - Trade management
Objective Determine the risk associated with various trades Components Contract manager Trade manager Risk manager Credit manager Electronic scheduling
E - Portfolio Management
Objective Forecast ,coordinate outages ,optimize the scheduling of resources, simulate market condition Components Forecasting module Resource scheduling Bid strategist Outage manager
F- Financial Management
Objective Track the money that is to receive and paid Components Settlement module Standing data input management Dynamic data input management Settlement calculation Dispute management Report management Billing interface Meter data management
ISO/RTO
Portfolio Management
Forecasting Resource Scheduling Bid Strategist Outage Manager
R/T Comm. & Monitoring Resource Control & Dispatch Historical Information System Dist. Gen. & Responsive Demand SCADA
Internet
WAN
U I
Archiving Logging
Configuration Alarming
Calculations Security
Integrating Infrastructure
Settlements Contract Manager Deal Manager Risk Manager Credit Manager E. Scheduling Accounting & Billing Interface Meter Data Management
Financial Management
Trade Management
Residential
Industrial
Dist. Gen.
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Commercial
Renewable
Central Gen.
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100 MW 1
400 MW
700 MW
900 MW 100 MW
Base Case
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36.4 MW 1
400 MW
372.2 MW 36.4 MW
63.6 MW 1
700 MW
572.7 MW 63.6 MW
Summary of Results
Base Case Case without Case without generation in Bus generation in Bus 2 (700 MW) 1 (400 MW) 167.2 -265.7
Circuit 1-2
-98.5
Circuit 1-3
398.5
196.5
202.0
Circuit 2-3
501.5
130.8
370.7
Circuit 1-3
200
400
80,000
Circuit 2-3
300
400
120,000
100 MW 1 Flow 2 3
400 MW
700 MW
Calculation of Incremental Postage Stamp method The postage stamp charges in the first zone = Rs. x per MW and the Incremental Postage Stamp Charges per zone = Rs. y per MW The total charges in the first transaction from 2 to 3 = Rs. ( x+3y)* 600MW The total charges in the second transaction from 1 to 3 = Rs. (x+2y )* 300MW
thanks
P.K.KALRA