Branching and Flow Control

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NET - Branching and Flow Control
Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Copyright by Application Developers Training Company
Objectives
Make choices using conditional statements Manage flow control using branching statements Repeat blocks of code using looping statements Break out of loops when necessary

Agenda
Branching in Code Repeating Code Blocks Unconditional Branching

Branching in Code
Any programming language must provide means of branching in code Procedure may need to execute one statement if a condition is true
Optionally, execute a second statement if the condition is false
.NET provides several different techniques for making decisions as code executes
Conditional branching covered here Unconditional branching covered as necessary
Conditional Branching
Code can "make decisions" as it's executing
If statements Single-Line If statements If/Else statements Nested If statements Testing for multiple conditions Comparing a condition to a single value

If Statements
Allows you to execute a block of code if a condition is true
Skips the code if the condition isn't true
Use the If statement different ways

Depending on whether you want to execute a single statement or block of statements
Can also execute one block if a statement is true

And another if it's false
Select Case Statements (VB)

Select Case is simple to use, but notice specific details:
Select Case statement can match on literal, property, or calculated expression Include a Case statement for each value you'd like to compare You can use any "value-type" expression in the Select Case statement
o
If you can use = to compare it, it will work
Case statements can include comparisons other than equality (the default comparison) Case statements can include comma-delimited lists of values Visual Basic evaluates Case statements from top to bottom
o
As soon as it finds one that matches, it looks at no others
If no other cases match, Visual Basic executes code in the else block
Switch Statements (C#)

Switch statement is simple to use, but note these issues: The break statement causes C# to jump out of the switch to the line immediately following the switch If you don't include break, execution falls through to next case You cannot fall through unless the case includes no codeotherwise, code won't compile You can use a string literal as the comparison value If no other cases match, C# executes the code in the default case
Agenda

Repeating Code Blocks

Several different code constructs that allow you to run code repeatedly Can execute code while or until a condition is/becomes true Can execute code a fixed number of times Can execute a block of code once for each element of a collection

Unbounded Looping
Several different options available for repeating a block of code while a condition remains true
While loop Do loop

The While Loop

Simplest loop:
Executes a block indefinitely, while a condition remains true
What if condition never changes?

Code must exit loop on demand
More likely to exit when the condition changes state

Examples show both techniques

The Do Loop (VB)

Offers greater flexibility than While loop
Perhaps too much flexibility
Allows you to check the condition at the top or bottom of the loop
Allows you to loop while or until the condition remains true or changes
Placing check for the condition at the bottom of the loop guarantees that the code runs at least once
The dowhile Loop (C#)

While loop checks the condition at the top of the loop
It's possible you'll never enter the loop
DoWhile loop checks the condition at the end of the loop

Guarantees that you'll run the code within the loop at least once

Looping a Specific Number of Times

Sometimes code can determine the number of times to repeat a block of code In some cases, repeat block as an integer variable iterates between one value and another In other cases, repeat code for each element of a collection of objects

The For Loop

Repeat a block of code as a variable takes on all the values between 1 and 100? Add a separate line for each case?
Awfully tedious
Like most languages, Visual Basic and C# provide a way to loop through a range of integer values
Can increment or decrement the looping variable By 1 or some other value
The For Loop

For loop allows you to:
Run code repeatedly as integer variable takes on a value between two endpoints Increment the looping variable by 1, -1, or any other integer value Skip looping variable values by incrementing the looping value by 2, 3, or some other value Loop backwards, by setting the loop increment to -1 or any negative integer Nest loops, providing support for multi-dimensional data

Using Loops with the .NET Framework

Can use loops to iterate through all the objects returned by a .NET Framework method
DriveInfo.GetDrives returns an array of DriveInfo objects
Array represents multiple objects of the same type

Can index into list by position, using an index

The For Each Loop

Can use For loop to iterate through all the elements of a data structure Requires you to keep track of the end points, and manage the index yourself Can also use a for each loop
Language handles details for you

Comparing For and For Each

Two important reasons to choose For:
If you need a nested loop If you need to traverse the data in reverse order (from the end back to the beginning)
o
For Each only moves forward
Why traverse backwards?

Good example: Remove each item from a collection Think about numbering
o o
As you remove items, they renumber Removing from front to back would break the collection
Why not use For Each to remove items?

Collections can't handle dynamic resizing during a loop
Agenda

Unconditional Branching (VB)

Language includes a few more ways to jump about in code
Exit For/Exit While/Exit Do Goto Continue

Exit Statements (VB)

Can explicitly exit an executing loop
Exit For, Exit While, Exit Do
If you have nested loops, you can exit from any of the loops, at any level
Loops must be of different types for this to work

Unconditional Branching (C#)

Language includes a few more ways to jump about in code
break goto continue

The break Statement (C#)

Breaks out of the current block, and jumps immediately to the line following the block
Can use break in switch statements, but also in loops

The Goto Statement

Allows code to jump unconditionally to a label within the current procedure Useful for exiting a deeply nested loop Otherwise, its best to avoid Goto Can never use Goto to branch:
Into a For or For Each loop From a Catch statement into a Try statement other than its most local Try statement Out of a Finally block Into a Catch or Finally block
Continue Statement
What if you want to jump back to the top of a loop without executing the rest of the statements in the loop?
Continue statement solves this problem

Learn More!
This is an excerpt from a larger course. Visit www.learnnowonline.com for the full details! Learn more about .NET on SlideShare:
Getting Started with .NET .NET Variables and Data Types Using the .NET Framework


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NET - Branching and Flow Control

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Use the If statement different ways

Can also execute one block if a statement is true

Select Case Statements (VB)

If you can use = to compare it, it will work

As soon as it finds one that matches, it looks at no others

Switch Statements (C#)

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Repeating Code Blocks

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

The While Loop

What if condition never changes?

More likely to exit when the condition changes state

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

The Do Loop (VB)

The dowhile Loop (C#)

DoWhile loop checks the condition at the end of the loop

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Looping a Specific Number of Times

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

The For Loop

The For Loop

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Using Loops with the .NET Framework

Array represents multiple objects of the same type

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

The For Each Loop

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Comparing For and For Each

For Each only moves forward

Why traverse backwards?

Why not use For Each to remove items?

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Unconditional Branching (VB)

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Exit Statements (VB)

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Unconditional Branching (C#)

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

The break Statement (C#)

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

The Goto Statement

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

Learn More @ http://www.learnnowonline.com

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