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Classical Approach Human Relations Approach Behavioural Science or Neo-human Relations Approach Quantitative Management Approach Systems Approach Contingency Approach Modern Approach
Classical Approach
Scientific Management Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 - 1915)
Scientific Management
Develop science for jobs to replace the rule of thumb Scientific selection and training of employees Supervision to find the performance of employees at work Plan the work and get it done through employees
Administrative Management
Division of work Authority Discipline Unity of command Unity of direction Subordination of individual interest to organisations interest Remuneration Centralisation Scalar chain Order Equity Stability of tenure Initiative Esprit de corps
Bureaucracy
Administrative class Division work Hierarchical authority structure Traditional authority Charismatic authority Rational / Legal authority Official rules Impersonality Official records
Douglas McGregor
Theory Y Modern assumptions about people: 1. People work as naturally as they play or take rest
2. People are self directed and self controlled 3. People are committed to organisations objective when they are rewarded. 4. Average person can learn to seek responsibility. 5. People are capable of being innovative in solving organisational problems. 6. People are wise, but their potentials are often underutilised in organisational conditions.
Rensis Likert
System 1 Exploitative Autocrat No confidence on subordinate System 2 Benevolent Autocrat - Some confidence on subordinate System 3 Participative - Substantial confidence on subordinate System 4 Democratic - Full confidence on subordinate
Chris Argyris
Unintended consequences between the needs of individual and needs of organisation give rise to informal group organisation Stages of human growth in organisation Dependency ( that was in childhood) Maturity ( that was in adulthood ) Self-actualisation - where he set his own goals and tried to achieve them
Systems Approach
Developed by Ludwig Von Bertalanffy in 1950 Input-Process-Output-Feedback open system is a set of elements standing in interaction with environment closed system does not interact with environment Transformation Process is the technology, production system, administrative and control system to convert input into output.
Contingency Approach
Developed by Burns and Stalker, Woodward, Lawrence and Lorsch and Perrow. It is a combination of Traditional, Behavioural and Social view points Managers use other view points to solve problems relating to : : Environment Technology Individual
Modern Approach
Peter F. Drucker was born in Vienna in 1909 Management by Objective (MBO) in 1954 Federalism - where the organisation will have
decentralised structure with centralised control