Test Of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Sentence Completion 15 items Written Expression 25 items Total 40 items Time Allotment 25 minutes Average time allocation per item = 30 seconds

Be familiar with the direction. Dont waste time reading the directions and examples. Spend approximately 30 seconds to do each item. Dont spend too much time working on difficult items. If it seems difficult, make a guess by first eliminating the most wrong answers. Dont do blind guessing unless you have too.

Make a mark on the difficult numbers. If you have time you can come back later. Young numbers are usually easier. Dont make a guess on young numbers. Never answer any item too quickly, even if it seems easy. Always consider all four answer choices. Never leave any answers blank.

MAIN POINTS SENTENCE STRUCTURE Independent and dependent clauses Adjective clause Participle phrases Appositives Adverb clause Noun clause Prepositional Phrases
Word order problems Verb problems Infinitive and gerund phrases Parallel structure Misplaced modifiers Comparisons Conjunctions Negative words

WORD ORDER VERBS AND VERBALS PROPER STYLE WORD CHOICE

A sentence has one or more clauses.

The Graduate School YSU is located in Karangmalang. The Graduate School YSU, which has 15 study programs, is located in Karangmalang,

A simple sentence has only one clause called an independent clause. An independent clause is a clause that can stand alone as a sentence.
The President left Jakarta yesterday morning. The food is rotten.

A compound sentence consists of two independent clauses joint by a coordinating conjunction.

I was born in New York but I spent my childhood in Wonosari. The boy plays the piano and the girl plays the drum.

A complex sentence consists of an independent clause and one or more subordinate/dependent clause.
She doesnt know how much her husband hates her. The man whose car was stolen looks very calm.

TYPES OF CLAUSE
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

CHARACTERISTC
~It describes a noun (subject/object) ~It answers the questions: which one?, what kind? ~It uses connectors that, which, who, whose, whom, where, when

EXAMPLE
~The lady who sits next to the Manager is his ex wife. ~He plants lots of roses and jasmines which are her wifes favorite flowers. ~Here is the policeman whose gun was stolen and used by the robber.

Cable cars are moved by cables ____ undergrounds and are powered by a stationary engine. (A) they run (B) that they run (C) run (D) that run

The melting point is the temperature _______ a solid changes to a liquid. (A) which (B) at which (C) which at (D) at

TYPES OF CLAUSE
ADVERB CLAUSE

CHARACTERISTC
~It modifies the verb of the main clause. ~It answers the questions where, why, how, when, to what degree? ~It uses connectors like because, since, although, if, unless, until, before, after,

EXAMPLE
When spring arrives, the flowers bloom.

That handsome man is broken because the company has just fired him.
Although he doesnt love me anymore, he keeps giving me lots of money.

No one knows what color dinosaurs were ___ no sample of their skin has survived. (A) because of (B) because that (C) it is because (D) because

_____ invisible to the unaided eye, ultraviolet light can be detected in a number of ways. (A) Although is (B) Despite (C) Even though it (D) Although

NOUN It names a person, place, CLAUSE/NOMINA thing, or idea. A nominal L CLAUSE clause may function in a sentence as any of the following subject, subjective complement, appositive, object of preposition, direct object, indirect object.
It may begin with interrogatives:Who, whom, what, which, whoe ver , whomever, whatever, when, where, how, why

Why you betray her remains a mystery to me.

I dont know who has sent me those jewelry. Please tell me where my ex boyfriend lives.

________ was caused by breathing impure air was once a common belief.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Malaria That malaria Why malaria Because malaria

One basic question psychologists have tried to answer is __________ (A) people learn (B) how do people learn (C) people learn how (D) how people learn