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Electroless Nickel-Phosphorous Coatings

Gowtham Sriram J

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Electroless Nickel-Introduction

Autocatalytic coating. Controlled chemical reduction of Nickel ions. Uniform thickness. Good corrosion and wear resistance. Variety of Substrates and shapes .

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ELECTROLESS Vs ELETROPLATING

Free from flux-density and power supply issues an even deposit regardless of workpiece geometry deposit on non-conductive surfaces

Provides

Can

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Constituents
Electroless

bath usually consist of

Nickel salt Complexing agent Reducing agent

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Process of Plating
Hypophosphite

oxidized to orthophosphate ion and reduces Ni cations to form Ni P alloy on substrate surface. level of orthophosphite ions increases and precipitated as insoluble metal orthophosphates.

The

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Effect of variable parameters Effect of pH.

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Effect of pH

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Effect of composition

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Effect of Nickel Concentration

The molar ratio of:

Ni2+/H2PO2 is limited range of 0.25 to 0.60.

Nickel

Concentration of EN solutions used in most Industrial application is 6.5+1.0 g/L (0.09-0.13M).

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Effect of Nickel Concentration

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Effect of Phosphorus content

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Properties of Phosphorus content

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Effect of Temperature
Normally

EN process taken at 85o c

-90o c.

If the temp below 600 c plating will be low. Temp incr.,decomposition rate incr.,phosphrous content decreaseplating will increase.

If the temp increased beyond the critical level deposition rate will 9/24/12

Effect of Temperature

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Effect of Complexing agent

Ligands

are commonly used in EN

process:

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Effect of Complexing agent

Three

principals functions which Complexing agents perform in Electroless bath:

v They exert a buffering action that

prevents the pH of the solution from decreasing too fast. salts, e.g., basic salts or phosphites. nickel ions.

v They prevent the precipitation of nickel v They reduce the concentration of free
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Role of Secondary particles

Effect

of Hardness of Wear Resistance

Effect

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Effect of Hardness

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Effect of Wear Resistance

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Limitations in Electroless nickel plating

This

technique is not suitable for metallization of dielectric materials. the reaction taking place in this is not catalytic.

However

Based on application process it has some Limitations:

v

More Expensive

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Conclusions
The

hardness and wear resistance of NiP electroless coating have been modified by co-deposition of alumina particles within NiP matrix, whereas maximum hardness and wear resistance were achieved in heat treated coating at about 400 C.

wear is the most dominant mechanism of wear for NiPAl2O3 coatings. 9/24/12

Abrasive

U O Y K N A H T
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