Gas Turbine

Power Plants
BY : HARSHAD PATEL
Outline
Brayton cycle
Open
Close
Advantages of gas turbine plant
Improvement of efficiency of gas turbine plant

Brayton Cycles Ideal For Gas Turbine Engines
Brayton Cycle :
Proposed by George Brayton for use in the Reciprocating Oil-Burning
Engine at around 1870.
Fresh air at Ambient Conditions is drawn into
the Compressor, where its Temp. and Pr. are
raised.

High-Pr. air proceeds into the Combustion
Chamber, where the fuel is burned at
Constant Pr., with Increase in Temp.

Resulting High-Temp. gases then enter the
Turbine, where they expand to the Atm. Pr.
while producing Power.

Exhaust Gases leaving the turbine are thrown
out (not recirculated), as an Open Cycle.
Brayton Open Cycle
Location Pr. Level Temp. Level
1 atm atm
2

3

4

Gas Turbines usually operate on an Open Cycle.
Brayton Open Cycle
Brayton Closed Cycle
Compression and Expansion processes remain the same.
Combustion process is replaced by a Constant-Pressure Heat Addition process
from an external source.
Exhaust process is replaced by a Constant-Pressure Heat Rejection Process to
the ambient air.
Brayton Closed Cycle
Combustion process is replaced by a Constant-Pressure
Heat Addition process from an external source.
Exhaust process is replaced by a Constant-Pressure
Heat Rejection Process to the ambient air.
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Gas Turbine
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Gas Turbine
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Gas Turbine
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Gas Turbine
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Gas Turbine Power Plant
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Gas Turbine Power Plant
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Gas Turbine Power Plant
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Gas Turbine Power Plant
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Gas Turbine Power Plant
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Made up of Four Internally Reversible processes:
Brayton Closed Cycle Analysis
1-2 Isentropic Compression (in a Compressor)
2-3 Constant-Pressure Heat Addition
3-4 Isentropic Expansion (in a Turbine)
4-1 Constant-Pressure Heat Rejection
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Brayton Closed Cycle Analysis
Neglecting changes in Kinetic and Potential energies, the Energy Balance
for a Steady-Flow Process, on a UnitMass Basis :
( ) ( ) ( )
in out in out exit inlet
q q w w h h + =
( ) ( )
3 2 3 2 in P
q h h C T T = =
( ) ( )
4 1 4 1 out P
q h h C T T = =
Thermal Efficiency of Ideal Brayton Cycle :
( )
( )
( )
( )
4 1
,
3 2
1 4 1
2 3 2
1 1
1
1
1
P
net out
th Brayton
in in
P
C T T
w q
q q
C T T
T T T
T T T
q

= = =

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II

Processes 1-2 and 3-4 are Isentropic,
P
2
= P
3
and P
4
= P
1
.
Brayton Closed Cycle Analysis
1 1
2 2 3 3
1 1 4 4
T P P T
T P P T



| | | |
= = =
| |
| |
\ . \ .
Substituting and simplifying the equation :
,
1
1
1
th Brayton
p
r

q
| |
|
\ .
=
(

2
1
p
P
r
P
=
where;
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Gas Turbine Power Plants Applications
Two Major Application Areas :
1. Aircraft Propulsion
2. Electric Power Generation.
Electric Power Generation
Aircraft Propulsion
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Compared to Steam-Turbine and Diesel Propulsion Systems, Gas Turbine offers :
1. Greater Power for a given size and weight,
2. High Reliability,
3. Long Life,
4. More Convenient Operation.
5. Engine Start-up Time reduced from 4 hrs to less than 2 min!!
Gas Turbine Power Plants Advantages
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
2. Increasing the Efficiencies of Turbomachinery Components :
1. Increasing the Turbine Inlet (Firing) Temperatures :
- 540 C in the 1940s to 1425 C and even higher today.
- Development of New Materials +
Innovative Cooling Techniques for the critical components.
Cycle Efficiency - Improvements
- Advanced techniques for Computer-Aided Design.
- Aerodynamic Design with minimal losses.
3. Adding Modifications to Basic Cycle :
- Efficiencies of early gas turbines are practically doubled by incorporating
Intercooling,
Regeneration (or Recuperation), and
Reheating.
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Gas Turbine Cycle Intercooling
Net Work Output of Gas Turbine can be by the Compressor Work Input.
Multistage + Intercooling!!!
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Gas Turbine Cycle Intercooling
Three Internally Reversible processes:
1-c Isentropic Compression,
till Pr. is P
i

c-d Constant-Pressure Cooling,
from T
c
to T
d
d-2 Isentropic Compression,
State 2.
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Work Input per unit Mass Flow on the PV Diagram : 1cd2ab1.
Gas Turbine Cycle Intercooling
Without Intercooling : Single Stage Isentropic Compression from State 1 to State 2.
Work Area 12ab1.
Crosshatched Area Reduction in work due to
Intercooling.
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Air is compressed from 100 kPa, 300 K to 1000 kPa in a two-stage compressor with
Intercooling between stages. The intercooler pressure is 300 kPa. The air is cooled back to
300 K in the intercooler before entering the second compressor stage. Each compressor
stage is isentropic. For steady-state operation and negligible changes in kinetic and
potential energy from inlet to exit, determine :
(a) the temperature at the exit of the second compressor stage .and,
(b) the total compressor work input per unit of mass flow.
(c) Repeat for a single stage of compression from the given inlet state to the final
pressure.
Example 3
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Example 3.cntd.
Process 1c :
( )
K
kPa
kPa
K T
P
P
T
T
c
c c
62 . 410
100
300
300
4 . 1
1 4 . 1
1
1 1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

Process d2 :
( )
K
kPa
kPa
K T
P
P
T
T
d d
17 . 423
300
1000
300
4 . 1
1 4 . 1
2
1
2 2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

ANS
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Example 3.cntd.
Total Compressor Work Input per unit of Mass :
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) { }
kg
kJ
K kg
kJ
T T T T C
h h h h
m
W
d c P
d c
C
96 . 234
300 17 . 423 300 62 . 410
.
005 . 1
2 1
2 1
=
+
(

=
+ =
+ =
-
-
ANS
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Example 3.cntd.
For Single Stage Isentropic Compression :
Process 13 : ( )
K
kPa
kPa
K T
P
P
T
T
c
21 . 579
100
1000
300
4 . 1
1 4 . 1
1
1
3
1
3
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

Compressor Work Input per unit of Mass :

( ) ( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
= =
-
-
kg
kJ
to Compared
kg
kJ
K kg
kJ
T T C h h
m
W
P
C
96 . 234 60 . 280
300 21 . 579
.
005 . 1
1 3 1 3
ANS
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Gas Turbine Cycle Reheat
For Metallurgical Reasons, the Temperature of the Gaseous Combustion Products
entering the turbine must be limited.
This temperature can be controlled by providing Air in Excess of the Amount
required to Burn the Fuel in the combustor.
As a consequence, the gases exiting the combustor contain Sufficient Air to support
the Combustion of Additional Fuel.
Gas Turbine Power Plants take advantage of the Excess Air by means of a Multistage
Turbine with a Reheat Combustor between the stages. With this arrangement the Net
Work per Unit of Mass Flow can be increased.
NOTE : Reheat is used for in Output Power.
It may not the Efficiency!!
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Gas Turbine Cycle Reheat
After expansion from State 3 to State a in the first turbine, the gas is Reheated at
Constant Pressure from State a to State b.

The expansion is then completed in the second turbine from State b to State 4.
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
From the earlier results,
kg
kJ
W
kg
kJ
Q
kg
kJ
W
T
in
C
43 . 624
81 . 992
19 . 213
=
=
=
-
-
-
Let the turbine in the basic plant of Example 1 have one reheat. If the inlet temperature
at the second stage is same as that of first, compute the net power and efficiency.
Example 5
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
bar P P P
i
55 . 2 ) 5 . 6 1 ( ) (
2 1
= = =
Optimum Intermediate Pr :
Process 3a : ( )
K
bar
bar
K T
P
P
T
T
a
i a
11 . 1148
55 . 2
5 . 6
1500
4 . 1
1 4 . 1
1
3 3
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

Turbine Work :
( ) ( )
( )| |
(

=
= =
kg
kJ
K
K kg
kJ
T T C h h W
a P a T
64 . 353
114811 1500
.
005 . 1
3 3 1 ,
Example 5.cntd.
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
(

=
(

=
= + =
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
W W W W
T T T Total T
3 . 707
64 . 353 2
2
1 , 2 , 1 , ,
ANS
Example 5.cntd.
Optimum Intermediate Pr. +
Same Inlet Temp @ both Stages (i.e. T
3
= T
b
)
Heat Input to Reheater :
( ) ( ) ( )| |
(

=
(

= = =
-
kg
kJ
K
K kg
kJ
T T C h h Q
a b P a b heater in
65 . 353 11 . 1148 1500
.
005 . 1
Re ,
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Example 5.cntd.
Efficiency :
% 7 . 36
) 65 . 353 81 . 992 (
) 19 . 213 3 . 707 (
Re ,
=
+

=
+

=
- -
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
Q Q
W W
heater in in
C T
th
q
ANS
NOTE : Efficiency from 41.42 % to 36.7 %.
BUT, W
T
from 624.43 kJ/kg to 707.3 kJ/kg...!!

ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Gas Turbine Cycle Regeneration
Turbine Exhaust Temperature of a gas turbine is normally much above the ambient
temperature.
Accordingly, the Turbine Exhaust Gas has a potential for use (Availability or
Exergy) that would be irrevocably lost if the gas would discarded directly to the
surroundings.
One way of utilizing this potential is by means of a Heat Exchanger called a
Regenerator, which allows the air exiting the compressor to be preheated before
entering the combustor, thereby reducing the amount of fuel required to be burned
in the combustor.
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Gas Turbine Cycle Regeneration
Regenerator : Counterflow Heat Exchanger.
Hot Turbine Exhaust Gas and the Air leaving the Compressor pass in
Opposite Directions.
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Turbine exhaust gas is cooled from State 4 to State y, while the air exiting the
compressor is heated from State 2 to State x.
Gas Turbine Cycle Regeneration
Hence, a heat transfer is required only to the air temperature from State x to State
3, rather than from State 2 to State 3.
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Net Work Developed per unit of mass flow is not altered by the addition of a
regenerator.
Gas Turbine Cycle Regeneration
Since the Q
in
is , .
Q
in
as h
x
; and thus T
x
.
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Gas Turbine Cycle Regenerator Effectiveness
1 2 A
T
Hot Fluid
Cold Fluid
T
h1

T
c1

T
h2

T
c2

T
h

T
c

1 2 A
T
Hot Fluid
Cold Fluid
T
h1

T
c1

T
h2

T
c2

T
h

T
c

T
cold,exit
< T
hot,in
Limiting Case : T
cold,exit
= T
hot,in
.Reversibility!!!

Regenerator Effectiveness =
Ratio of the Actual Enthalpy
Increase to the Maximum
Theoretical Enthalpy Increase
of the air flowing through the
compressor side of the
regenerator.
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Gas Turbine Cycle Regenerator Effectiveness
2 4
2
h h
h h
x
regen

= q
2 4
2
T T
T T
x

=
As Q
in
approaches Reversibility,
h
x
approaches h
4
.
tends to Unity. (100%).!!!
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Assuming that the regenerator incorporated into the basic plant of Example 1 is 90 %
efficient, calculate the increase in thermal efficiency.
Example 6
From the earlier results,
kg
kJ
W
kg
kJ
Q
kg
kJ
W
K T K T
K T bar P
K T bar P
T
in
C
43 . 624
81 . 992
19 . 213
679 . 878 1500
132 . 512 5 . 6
300 1
4 3
2 2
1 1
=
=
=
= =
= =
= =
-
-
-
T
3
=1500 K
T
1
=300 K
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Example 6.cntd.
| |
| |
K T
K
K T
T T
T T
h h
h h
x
x
x x
regen
0 . 842
) 132 . 512 679 . 878 (
) 132 . 512 (
9 . 0
2 4
2
2 4
2
=

= q
T
3
=1500 K
T
1
=300 K
Heat Input :
( ) ( ) ( )| |
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

=
(

= = =
-
kg
kJ
to Compared
kg
kJ
K
K kg
kJ
T T C h h Q
x P x in
81 . 992
26 . 661 842 1500
.
005 . 1
3 3
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Example 6.cntd.
T
3
=1500 K
T
1
=300 K
Efficiency :
( ) % 42 . 41 % 19 . 62
26 . 661
) 19 . 213 43 . 624 (
to Compared
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
Q
W W
in
C T
th
=
(

=
- -
q
ANS
ME0207 SEM-IV Applied Thermodynamics II
Gas Turbine Cycle Intercooling + Reheat + Regenerator
Thank You !