HYPERSENSITIVITY

PRESENTED BY SAVITA SHARMA 0914354051

HYPERSENSITIVITY

Hypersensitivity implies an increased response,

the response is not always heightened but may, instead, be an inappropriate immune response to an antigen. Hypersensitive reactions may develop in the course of either humoral or cellmediated

Type of Hypersensitivity

1. Type I

Hypersensitivity

2. Type II Hypersensitivity 3. Type III Hypersensitivity

4. Type IV Hypersensitivity

Type I: IgE-Mediated Hypersensitivity

Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction

Type I (Immediate) Hypersensitivity

Common disease of type I hypersensitivity

1. Systemic anaphylaxis: a very dangerous syndrome
1) Anaphylactic drug allergy penicillin 2) Anaphylactic serum allergy

2. Respiratory allergic diseases :

1) Allergic asthmaacute response, chronic response

2) Allergic rhinitis

Anaphylaxis

Type II-Antibody-Mediated Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity

Involves the antibody mediated destruction of cells Can mediated cell destruction by activating the complement system to create pores in the membrane of the foreign cell Can also mediated by Antibody-Dependent CellMediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) where the Fc receptors bind to Fc receptor of antibody on the target cell and promote killing

Characteristics of Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity

Directed against cell surface or tissue antigen Characterized by complement cascade activation and various effector cells

Examples of Type II Hypersensitivity

Blood transfusion reactions Hemolytic disease of the newborn (Rh disease) Autoimmune hemolytic anemias Drug induced reactions

ABO Blood Group Antigens

H
NAG Gal NAG Gal

A
NAG Gal NAcGA

Fuc

A antigen

Fuc

B antigen

Precursor oligosaccharide

H antigen

NAG

Gal

Gal

NAcGA (N-acetylgalactoseamine) Gal (galactose)

Fuc

ABO Blood Group Reactivity

blood group genotypes antigens antibodies to (phenotype) ABO in serum A AA, AO A anti-B B BB, BO B anti-A AB AB A and B none O OO H anti-A/B

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

first birth RhD negative mother
RhD positive red cells
B cell

post partum

subsequent

anti-RhD

RhD positive fetus

anti-RhD

Lysis Of RBCs

RhD positive fetus

Drug-Induced Reactions: Adherence to Blood Components

blood cell adsorbed drug or antigen drug metabolite antibody to drug

complement

lysis

Toxic Complex Hypersensitivity (Type III)

Diseases associated with immune complexes

Persistent infection

microbial antigens deposition of immune complexes in kidneys self antigens deposition of immune complexes in kidneys, joints, arteries and skin

Autoimmunity

Inflammatory Mechanisms in Type III

Complement activation
anaphylatoxins Chemotactic factors

Neutrophils attracted
difficult to phagocytize tissue-trapped complexes frustrated phagocytosis leads to tissue damage

Example :Arthus Reaction

T-Cell Mediated Hypersensitivity (Type IV / Delayed-Type)

Type IV (delayed) Hypersensitivity

Characteristics of this phenomenon are:

Delayed, taking 12 hours to develop. Causes accumulation of lymphs and macrophages. Reaction is not mediated by histamine. Antibodies are not involved in the reaction.

Cell mediated reactions in certain circumstances are wholly damaging and may be seen in the following conditions:

Drug allergy and allergic response to insect bites and stings. Contact dermatitis. Rejection of grafts. Autoimmune disease.

Type IV (delayed) Hypersensitivity

Type IV (delayed) Hypersensitivity

References

http://www.thebody.com/nih/immune_system.html http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/ghaffar/hyper00.htm http://home.kku.ac.th/acamed/kanchana/bsi.html