Division of Amplitude

Optical beam splitter

Fringes of equal inclination
n
f

n
2

n
1

B
d
D
A
C
u
t
u
i
u
t
u
t
A
B
C
D
Thin Film Interference
Optical path difference for the first two reflected beams
f 1
t
f
1
n [AB BC] n (AD)
AB BC d /cos
n
AD ACsin 2d tan sin
n
i t t
u u u
A = +
= = u
= =
f
2n dcos
t
u A =
Path Difference
Phase Changes Due To Reflection
An electromagnetic wave undergoes a phase change of 180
upon reflection from a medium of higher index of refraction
than the one in which it was traveling
Analogous to a reflected pulse on a string
2 1
<

1


2

Phase shift
t o A =
0
k
Condition for maxima
cos (2 1) 0, 1, 2,...
4
f
t
d m m

u = + =
Condition for minima
cos 2 0, 1, 2,...
4
f
t
d m m

u = =
For n
1
> n
f
> n
2

n
1
< n
f
< n
2

Condition for maximum
cos 2 0, 1, 2,...
4
f
t
d m m

u = =
Condition for minima
cos (2 1) 0, 1, 2,...
4
f
t
d m m

u = + =
say n
1
=n
2
=n

n < n
f
n > n
f
Fringes of equal inclination
d
n
2

n
1

Beam splitter
Extended
source
P
I
P
2

P
x
f
Focal
plane
Dielectric
slab
Haidingers Bands: Fringes of equal inclination
Fringes of equal thickness


Constant height contour of a topographial map
Fizeau Fringes
Extended source
Beam splitter
x
n
2

n
n
t xo =
Fizeau Fringes: fringes of equal thickness

These are termed Fizeau fringes.
Conditions for maximum
0
1
( ) 2
2
1/ 2
2
f m
m f
m n d
m
x

o
+ =
+
| |
=
|
\ .
Consecutive fringes are separated by
o

2
f
x = A
Wedge between two plates
1
2
glass
glass
air
D
t
x
Path difference = 2t
Phase difference o = 2kt - t (phase change for 2, but not for 1)
Maxima 2t = (m + )
o
/n

Minima 2t = m
o
/n
Newtons Ring
Ray 1 undergoes a phase change of 180 on reflection,
whereas ray 2 undergoes no phase change
R= radius of curvature of lens
x=radius of Newtons ring
R
r
R
r
R R
r R R d
2
2
2 2
2
1
...
2
1
1
~
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
2
1
2 ( )
2
1 1
2 ( )
2 2
1 1
( ) ( ) , 0,1, 2...
2 2
For bright ring
bright
d n
r
n
R
r n R n R n

= +
= +
= + = + =
... 2 , 1 , 0 ,
n 2d
ring dark For
= =
=
n nR r
dark

Reflected Newtons Ring
1. Optics
Author: Eugene Hecht
Class no. 535 HEC/O
Central library
IIT KGP