Electromagnetic Theory-I (PHY F212)

Kaushar Vaidya
Ph.D. (Astronomy)
Office: 3242-N, Physics Department, FD III Building

Email: kaushar@bits-pilani.ac.in

Electromagnetic Theory-I (PHY F212)
Textbook: Introduction to Electrodynamics
by David J. Griffiths
(3
rd
Ed.), Pearson Education Inc. 1999

Reference: Physics Vol. II
by Halliday, Resnick & Crane (5
th
Ed.)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2002

Electricity and Magnetism (Berkeley Vol. II)
by Edward Purcell (2
nd
Ed.)
The McGraw Hill Companies, 2008
Evaluation Criteria
Component Weightage Comments
Mid-Semester 35 % (100 Marks) on 4
th
October 2012
(Closed Book)
Comprehensive 40 % (120 Marks) on 13
th
December 2012
(Open/Closed Book)
Tutorial Tests 25 % (80 Marks) 4/5 Tests; Regularly
Spaced & Announced in
Advance
Make-Up Policy: Only GENUINE cases of sickness leading to hospitalization would,
after thorough investigations, be considered for make-up. Fake cases would be
severely penalized and reported to the institute. Make-up to attend weddings
of siblings are strongly discouraged.
Absolutely No Make-up for Tutorial Tests.
Mechanics
Goal of Mechanics
Time evolution of a system under a given force
Classical Mechanics
(Newton)
Quantum Mechanics
(Bohr, Heisenberg,
Schrodinger, et. al.)
Special Relatively
(Einstein)
Quantum Field Theory
(Dirac, Pauli, Feynman,
Schwinger, et al.)
Realms of Mechanics
s
p
e
e
d

s i z e
Fundamental Forces
1. Strong

2. Electromagnetic

3. Weak

4. Gravity
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

Electromagnetic forces are the most dominant in every-day
life. These forces are largely responsible for the physical and
chemical properties of matter from atom to a living cell.
A bit of History
1767, Joseph Priestley: force between charges vary as the
inverse square of the distance.

1769, John Robinson: force of repulsion between two
spheres with charges of same sign varied as X
-2.06
.

1770, Henry Cavendish: discovers (but does not publish)
dependence of the force between charged bodies on the
distance
Earlier than Coulomb
A bit of History
1785, Charles Augustin de Coulomb:
Coulombs Law
2
0
1 qQ
F , where r r
4tc
'
= = r r
r
A bit of History
1820, Oersted: electric current could deflect a magnetic
compass needle.

1831, Faraday: a moving magnet generates an electric
current

1861, 1862 Maxwell: four equations --- theory of classical
electrodynamics

1888, Hertz: Experimental confirmation of Maxwells theory
Unification of Electricity, Magnetism and Optics
Validity of Coulombs Law and
Departure from Inverse Square Law
Coulombs law is valid for 24 orders of magnitude of length!
(10
-13
cm to 10
10
cm)
2
1
F
r
c +

Recent limit on = 2.7 x 10

-16
(Williams et al. 1971)
Overview of the Course
1. Survey of Scalar and Vector Fields and their Calculus (Ch. 1)
Electrostatics (Ch. 2, 3, 4)
1. Electrostatics in Free Space
2. Electrostatics in the Presence of Conductors
3. Electrostatics in the Presence of Insulators

Instructor: Dr. Kaushar Vaidya; first 20 lectures
Overview of the Course
Magnetostatics (Ch. 5, 6)
1. Magnetostatics in Free Space
2. Magnetostatics in the Presence of Materials

1. Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction
2. Maxwells Equations and Their Simple Solutions
Electrodynamics (Ch. 7)
Instructor: Dr. Rakesh Choubisa; last 20 lectures
Chapter 1
Vector Analysis
Homework
Section 1.1: Vector Algebra
What is a Vector?
A quantity with a magnitude and direction?
Vector Transformation
If you rotate your coordinate-system by an angle about x-
axis, how would the components of vectors in the rotated
frame relate to the components in the un-rotated frame?
y z
A Acos , A Asin = =
y y
z
z
A A
cos sin
sin cos
A
A
| |
| |
| |
'
| |
| |
|
=
|
|
|
' \ .
\ .
\ .
A

z
y


y z
A Acos , A Asin
'
' '
= =
Something is a vector if it transforms
like a vector.
Vector Transformation
For rotation about an arbitrary axis in three dimensions,
x
x xx xy xz
y yx yy yz y
zx zy zz
z
z
A
A R R R
A R R R A
R R R
A
A
| |
'
| | | |
|
| |
|
'
=
| |
|
| |
|
'
\ .\ .
\ .
Derivatives
Function of single variable



f (x)
df
df dx
dx
| |
=
|
\ .
df
dx
how slow/fast a function varies



Gradient
) z , y , x ( T
For a function of three variables, , if we move a
little distance, how much T varies?

For a given magnitude of displacement, the
answer depends on the direction!
We need directional derivatives.

Displacement Vector dl dxx dyy dzz = + +
Gradient
T T T
dT dx dy dz
x y z
| | c c c
| | | |
= + +
| | |
c c c
\ . \ .
\ .
( )
T T T
dT x y z . dxx dyy dzz
x y z
T.dl
| | c c c
= + + + +
|
c c c
\ .
= V
T T T
T x y z Gradient of T
x y z
c c c
V = + +
c c c
Gradient
( )
dT T.dl T.n dl = V = V









( )
dl dln =
n
dT
T.n Directional derivative
dl
| |
= V
|
\ .
The rate of change of a function in any direction at a point,
is the component of the gradient of the function in the given
direction at that point.
Gradient
= 0 stationary point of the function T.
Maxima, minima, or a saddle point.


T V
points in the direction of maximum
increase of the function T.
gives the slope along this direction..

T V
T V
dT T.dl T dl cos = V = V
Gradient
Problem 1.12
The height of a certain hill (in feet) is given by,


where y is the distance (in miles) north, x the distance east of
South Hadley.
(a) Where is the top of the hill located?
(b) How high is the hill?
(c) How steep is the slope at a point 1 mile north and 1 mile east
of South Hadley? In what direction is the slope steepest at
that point?



2 2
h(x, y) 10(2xy 3x 4y 18x 28y 12) = + +
Gradient
Problem 1.13 (Tutorial)
Let r be the separation vector from a fixed point (x, y, z) to the
point (x, y, z), and let r be its length. Find out
(a) (r
2
)
(b) (1/r)
(c) (r
n
)








V
V
V
Gradient
Problem 1.14
Suppose that f is a function of two variables y, and z. Show that
gradient transforms as a vector under rotations.








f V
The Operator Del V
x y z
x y z
c c c
V = + +
c c c
Three ways Operator Del can act
1. On a scalar function T : (Gradient)
2. On a vector function : (Divergence)
3. On a vector function : (Curl)
T V
v
.v V
v
xv V
Divergence
( )
x y z
.v x y z . v x v y v z
x y z
| | c c c
V = + + + +
|
c c c
\ .
Divergence is flux-density, or flux per unit volume. It tells you
how much the vector (function) spreads out from the point in
question. A point of positive divergence is a source, e.g. faucet,
a point of negative divergence is a sink or drain.
y
x z
v
v v
.v
x y z
c
c c
V = + +
c c c
Divergence
Positive divergence
Negative divergence
Divergence
Zero divergence Positive divergence
Divergence
Problem 1.16

Sketch the vector function and compute its divergence.
The answer may surprise you. Can you explain it?








2
r
v
r
=
The Curl
( )
x y z
v x y z v x v y v z
x y z
| | c c c
V = + + + +
|
c c c
\ .
Curl is circulation-density, or circulation per unit area. It tells
you how much the vector (function) curls about the point in
question. A paddle wheel would start rotating when placed on
a point of positive curl. A whirlpool is a region of large curl.
y y
z x z x
v v
v v v v
v x y z
y z z x x y
c c
| | | |
c c c c
| |
V = + +
| | |
c c c c c c
\ .
\ . \ .
The Curl
Curl pointing in the z-direction
The Curl
Figure Source: http://keep2.sjfc.edu/faculty/kgreen/vector/Block4/circ/node9.html
Is there a curl in the direction? or ?
1 n 2 n
Maxwells Equations
0
0 0 0
1
.E

.B 0
B
E
t
E
B J+
t
V =
V =
c
V =
c
c
V =
c
Second Derivatives
Gradient
( )
T 0 V V =
2.
( )
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
T T T
. T x y z . x y z
x y z x y z
T T T
T
x y z
| | | | c c c c c c
V V = + + + +
| |
c c c c c c
\ . \ .
c c c
= + + = V
c c c
1.
(Laplacian of T)
Second Derivatives
Divergence
3.
( )
.v V V
seldom occurs in physics problems
Curl
4.
( )
. v 0 (Prob. 1.26) V V =
5.
( ) ( )
2
v .v v V V = V V V
Second Derivatives
Problem 1.27
Prove that the curl of a gradient is always zero.








Line Integral
b
a
v.dl
}
where, is a vector function, and is the
infinitesimal displacement vector. The integral
is to be carried out along a prescribed path P
from point a to b.
v
dl
Line Integral
If the path of integral is a closed loop, i.e. a=b, then it is
denoted as,
v.dl
}
Example: Work done by a force
For some special class of vector functions (e.g. gradient of any
scalar function), the line integral is independent of the path, i.e.
it is determined entirely by its end points. A force that has this
property is called conservative.
Line Integral
Problem 1.28
Calculate the line integral of the function
from the origin to the point (1,1,1) by three different routes:
(a) (0,0,0) (1,0,0) (1,1,0) (1,1,1)
(b) (0,0,0) (0,0,1) (0,1,1) (1,1,1)
(c) The direct straight line
(d) What is the line integral around the closed loop that goes out
along path (a) and back along path (b)?







2 2
v x x 2yzy y z = + +
Surface Integral
s
v.da
}
where, is a vector function, and is an
infinitesimal patch of area, with direction
perpendicular to surface.
v
da
Surface Integral
For closed surface, we put a circle on the integral sign, i.e.
, and outword is considered positive.
v.da
}
For some special class of vector functions (e.g. curl of any
vector function), the surface integral is independent of the
particular surface chosen, i.e. it is determined entirely by the
boundary line.
Surface Integral
Problem 1.29
Calculate the surface integral of the function

over the bottom of the box shown in the figure. Does the surface
integral depend only on the boundary line for this function? What
is the total flux over the closed surface of the box including the
bottom?







( )
( )
2
v 2xzx x 2 y y z 3 z = + + +
y
x
z
2
2
2
Volume Integral
V
Tdt
}
where T is a scalar function, and d is an
infinitesimal volume element. In Cartesian
coordinates, .
d dxdydz t =
For a vector function, v,
x y z
vd x v d y v d z v d t t t t = + +
} } } }
Volume Integral
Problem 1.30
Calculate the volume integral of the function T = z
2
over the
tetrahedron with corners at (0,0,0), (1,0,0), (0,1,0), and (0,0,1).







1,0,0
0,1,0
0,0,1
x
y
z
1,0,0
0,1,0
0,0,1
x
y
z
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
b
a
df
dx f (b) f (a)
dx
=
}
In words: Integral of a derivative over an interval is equal
to value of the function at the boundary.
The Fundamental Theorem for
Gradients
b
a
P
T.dl T(b) T(a) V =
}
In words: To know the height of Eiffell tower:
Either you climb each step while measuring the height of it
and summing it up until you reach the top (LHS)
Or you can use altimeter and subtract the reading you get at
the bottom from the reading you get at the top (RHS).
Corollary 1: is
independent of path taken
from a to b.

Corollary 2:
(End points are identical).
b
a
T.dl V
}
( )
T .dl 0 V =
}
The Fundamental Theorem for
Divergences
( )
v s
.v d v.da t V =
} }
Other names: Gausss theorem, Greens theorem.
In words: If you have lots of faucets in some region, you
can measure how much each outputs and add the
contribution from all faucets (LHS).
Alternatively you can deploy your men at the boundary
of this region (a closed surface bounding this volume)
and measure how much of the fluid leaves (RHS).
The Fundamental Theorem for
Divergences
Problem 1.32
Test the divergence theorem for the function,

Take as your volume the cube shown in the figure with sides of
length 2.








( ) ( ) ( )
v xy x 2yz y 3zx z = + +
y
x
z
2
2
2
The Fundamental Theorem for Curls
( )
s P
v .da v.dl V =
} }
Other names: Stokes theorem.
Direction Convention
Right-hand Rule: If your fingers
point in the direction of line
integral, your thumb fixes the
direction of . da
The Fundamental Theorem for Curls
In words: You can measure the total amount of swirl by
summing up how much your tiny paddle wheel rotates at
various points over some surface or you can go around
the edge and find out how much the flow is following the
boundary.

The Fundamental Theorem for Curls
Problem 1.32
Test Stokes theorem for the function,

using the triangular shaded area as shown in the figure.








( ) ( ) ( )
v xy x 2yz y 3zx z = + +
2
2
Spherical Polar Coordinates
r: distance from the origin

(polar angle): angle down
from the z-axis

(azimuthal angle): angle
around from the x-axis


x r sin cos , y r sin sin , z r cos u | u | u = = =
r
A A r A A
u |
u | = + +
Spherical Polar Coordinates
Unit Vectors
The directions of change from point to point! r, , and, u |
r
u
|
r
u
|
r sin cos x sin sin y cos z
cos cos x cos sin y sin z
sin x cos y
u | u | u
u u | u | u
| | |
= + +
= +
= +
Spherical Polar Coordinates
r

dl dr
dl =rd
dl r sind
|
|
=
=
Infinitesimal elements of length in the direction r, , and, u |
Spherical Polar Coordinates
Infinitesimal volume element
2
r
d=dl dl dl r sin drdd
|
| =
Examples of Infinitesimal area elements
2

da dl dl r r sin dd r
|
| = =
r
da dl dl rdrd
|
| = =
Spherical Polar Coordinates
Gradient
T 1 T 1 T

T r
r r r sin
u
u u
c c c
V = + +
c c c
Divergence
( )
( )
2
r
2
v
1 1 1
.v r v sin v
r r r sin r sin

u
u
u u u
c
c c
V = + +
c c c
Spherical Polar Coordinates
Curl
( )
( ) ( )
r r
v 1
v sin v r
r sin
v v 1 1 1
rv rv
r sin r r r
u
|
| u
u
u u |
u |
u | u
( c c
V =
(
c c

( c c c c
(
+ +
(
(
c c c c


Laplacian
2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 T 1 T 1 T
T r sin
r r r r sin r sin
u
u u u u
c c c c c
| | | |
V = + +
| |
c c c c c
\ . \ .
Spherical Polar Coordinates
Problem 1.39
Compute the divergence of the function,

Check the divergence theorem for this function, using as your
volume the inverted hemispherical bowl of radius R, resting on
the xy-plane and centered on the origin.








( ) ( ) ( )
v r cos r r sin r sin cos u u u u | | = + +
Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
s
z
|
|
s
z
x
y
z
s: perpendicular distance from
the z-axis

(azimuthal angle): angle
around from the x-axis

z: z

x s cos , y s sin , z z | | = = =
s cos x sin y
sin x cos y
z z
| |
| | |
= +
= +
=
The directions of change from point to point!

s, , and, z |
Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
Infinitesimal elements of length in the direction
s, ,and, z |
s
z
dl ds
dl sd
dl dz
|
|
=
=
=
Infinitesimal volume element
d sdsd dz t | =
Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
Divergence
Gradient
T 1 T T
t s z
s s z
|

c c c
V = + +
c c c
( )
z
s
v
v 1 1
v sv
s s s z

c
c c
V = + +
c c c
Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
Laplacian
Curl
( )
s s z z
v
v v v v 1 1
v s sv z
s z z s s s
|
|
|
| |
c
| | ( c c c c c
| |
V = + +
| | (
c c c c c c
\ .
\ .
2 2
2
2 2 2
1 T 1 T T
T s
s s s s z |
c c c c
| |
V = + +
|
c c c c
\ .
Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
Problem 1.42
(a) Compute the divergence of the function
.
(b) Check the divergence theorem for this function, using the quarter
cylinder shown in the figure.
(c) Find the Curl of this vector function.








( )
2

v s 2 sin s ssin cos 3z z | | | | = + + +

The One-Dimensional Dirac Delta
Function
( )
0, if x 0
x and
, if x = 0
=

( )
x dx 1

=
}
The 1-D Dirac delta function: infinitely high, infinitesimally
narrow spike with area 1
Example: linear mass density of a point mass
The One-Dimensional Dirac Delta
Function
Technically, it is generalized function, or distribution. Limit of a
sequence of functions as shown in the figures
( )
n
1
R x of height n and width
n
( )
n
2
T x of height n and base
n
The One-Dimensional Dirac Delta
Function
If is any continuous function, then
( )
f x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
f x x f 0 x =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
f x x dx f 0 x dx f 0


= =
} }
Under an integral, the delta function picks out the value of
function at x = 0 (if x = 0 is included in the limits of integration).

Shifted 1-D Dirac Delta Function
( )
0, if x a
x a and
, if x = a
=

( )
x a dx 1

=
}
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
f x x a f a x a =
( ) ( ) ( )
f x x a dx f a

=
}
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
If f x D x dx f x D x dx for all f(x),
Then D (x) D (x)


=
=
} }
Homework: Example 1.15

Show that , where k is any non-zero
constant.








( ) ( )
1
kx = x
k
1-D Dirac Delta Function
Prob. 1.44
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
( ) ( )
2
2
2x+3 3x dx

}
( )
( )
2
3
0
x +3x+2 1 - x dx
}
( )
2
2
1
9x 3x+1 dx

}
( )
a
x - b dx

}
The Three-Dimensional Delta Function
( ) ( ) ( )
3
(r)= x y z
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3
all space
r d x y z dxdydz 1


= =
} } } }
( ) ( ) ( )
3
all space
f r r a d f a =
}
The Three-Dimensional Delta Function
( )
3
2

r
. 4 r
r
| |
V =
|
\ .
( )
2
3
2

1 r 1
Since 4 r
r r r
t
| | | |
V = V =
| |
\ . \ .
The Three-Dimensional Delta Function
Prob. 1.46
(a) Write an expression for the volume charge density of
a point charge q at r.
(b) What is the volume charge density of an electric
dipole, consisting of a point charge q at the origin
and a point charge +q at a?
(c) What is the volume charge density of a uniform,
infinitesimally thin spherical shell of radius R and
total charge Q, centered at the origin?