Structure 2 Fall 2012

Pertemuan II : 7 Oktober 2012 Infinitives and Gerund

Elizabeth Valentin
elizabeth.valentin@outlook.com Skype: elizabeth.valentin

Universitas Terbuka
Korea Selatan

Infinitives and Gerund

Infinitives : "to" form of the verb. listen" "to listen." Infinitives can be used as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence. Gerund : a noun made from a verb/noun by adding "ing." "read" "reading." Gerund can be used as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence

MODULE 5 INFINITIVES AND GERUND I

Gerund Function
Subject
Fishing is exciting Riding a horse is not easy

Object
I would not mind helping you He must stop smoking

Object Preposition
They went home without telling me We are excited about going to the concert

Complement
Her hobby is cooking His favourite sport was playing tennis

Object of Preposition + Gerund

Every preposition is always followed by gerund: Example: about, from, on, without, of, in, at.
We can keep from doing it. We are talking about writing in English.

Be careful!
to as preposition Be given to, be used to, look forward to, be opposed to, be accustomed to, object to I am given to having this property. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.

List of preposition
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/prepositions-list.htm

Object of Preposition + Gerund

Fixed phrase : gabungan kata kerja dan preposisi

Be good at Be interested in Succeed in/at Think of/about Be famous for Speak about Be sorry about Instead of Rely on Be proud of Be successful at In spite of Object to Be used to

Be accustomed to Be apposed to Worry about Instead of Plan on Rely on Plan on Be capable of Depend on Forget about Care about Be excited about etc

Object of Verbs + Gerund

Examples: I like knitting and sewing I cant stand eating cream cakes. I support making women completely equal with men Terdapat verbs yang dapat diikuti oleh gerund, to-infitinitive, ataupun keduanya. List verbs : http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/verblist.htm

Verbs followed by gerund

Appreciate Admit Enjoy Worth Escape Practice Risk Avoid Finish Prevent Recent Prefer Forgive Complete Quit Dread Consider Resist Recall Imagine Delay Deny Keep Suggest Mind Postpone

Object of Verbs + Gerund

Do you mind.. / Would you mind...
Do you mind closing the window? Would you mind waiting for me?

Go!
Diikuti oleh gerund untuk mengungkapkan kegiatan atau aktivitas yang berhubungan dengan rekreasi The students will go camping if it does not rain. He postponed going swimming.

Gerund and Infinitives as Subjects

Writing in English is difficult. To write in English is difficult. Gerund sebagai subjek: menyatakan aktivitas atau kegiatan yang bersifat umum. Infinitives sebagai subjek tidak lazim digunakan.
Biasanya dapat digunakan alternatif lain: It is difficult to write in English.
Subjek Predikat It is boring to wait for a ten bus. It is usually a lot of fun to climb mount Gede.

To wait for a ten bus To climb mount Gede

is boring is usuallya lot of fun

Gerund and Infinitives as Subjects

Ungkapan khusus:
It is worth repairing the car It is no use trying to explain it to her.
Formal It is nice to meet you Informal It is nice meeting you

It is not much good to expect.. It is not much good expecting a little child to carry this heavy bag

For + object (someone/something) + infinitive

Its essential for the classroom to have plenty of light

MODULE 6 INFINITIVES AND GERUND II

Verbs followed by infinitives

Kelompok I (a) Kelompok II (b) Kelompok III (c) (a) Afford Agree Appear Arrange Care Decide Deserve Demand Expect Endeavor Fail Hesitate Hope Learn Plan Pretend Promise Refuse Seem Struggle Swear Threaten Volunteer Wait Verb + infinitive Verb + noun/pronoun + inf Either a or b I agreed to come on Sunday. He is struggling to earn some money for his family. Lina waits to see the result.

Verbs followed by infinitives

(b) Allow Cause Challenge Convice Command Dare Encourage Forbid Force Hire Instruct Invite Oblige Order Permit Persuade Remind Teach Tell Urge Warn She allows me to cook with her. My mother convinced me not to apply for medical school.

Active
The parents didnt permit the children to play in the rain They enourage us o continue our studies.

Passive
The children were not permitted to play in the rain. We are encouraged to continue our studies.

Verbs followed by infinitives

(c) Ask Beg Expect V + inf Promise Want Wish V + noun/pronoun + inf

She asks to go together. They beg to eat in the restaurant.

She wished to continue her study to the University.

She asks me to go together. The beg their parents to eat in the restaurant.
She wished us to continue our study to the University.

Verbs followed by infinitives/gerund

Without changing the meaning
Begin Continue Dislike Dread Intend Love Hate Neglect Plan Prefer Start

The continue doing their exercise They continue to do their exercise Children love eating ice cream Children love to eat ice cream

Apabila begin+ing: It is beginning to rain Apabila prefer + gerund: I prefer teaching to working in a company Apabila prefer + infinitives: I prefer to teach than to work in a company

Verbs followed by infinitives/gerund

With different meaning
To + inf Forget/ remember With regard to the future I forget to do my homework Gerund With regard to the past I forget doing my homework

Regret
Try

With regard to the future I regret to say that. do something complicated/unusual I try to get up early interrupt another action to start another action I stopped to smoke. habit She likes to get up early

Stop

With regard to the past I regret saying that. do something and see what happens I try getting up early To terminate activity I stopped smoking.
Enjoy doing something She likes getting up early

Like

Verbs followed by infinitives/gerund

With different meaning
+ gerund
Need The house needs repainting Require The kids required looking after. The kids required to be looked after. The house needs to be repainted

+ inf

Passive meaning The house needs repainting = The house needs to be repainted The house needs repainting the house needs to repaint.

By
Secara umum: 1. Pelaku (orang/benda yang melakukan sesuatu) Kalimat pasif
This book was written by Sanusi Pane

2. Alat pengangkutan
They went ther by bus They always go to school by bus

3. Berhubungan dengan waktu

You can borrow my book but I must have it back by 5 oclock The second bus will arrive by ten

By / With
By / With = untuk menyatakan bagaimana seseorang melakukan sesuatu. By : membicarakan tentang perbuatan, yaitu apabila kita mengatakan apa yang kita lakukan untuk memperoleh hasil yang kita inginkan. Fire was kept all night by covering the coals and wood with ashes. They made a living by fishing and hunting. By = PREPOSISI. Selalu diikuti oleh GERUND

By / With
With : untuk menyatakan bagaimana seseorang mengerjakan sesuatu. Merupakan objek atau alat yang digunakan untuk mengerjakan sesuatu The fireplaces was covered on the inside with clay Fire was kept all night by covering the coals and wood with ashes.

Too
Too: menyatakan situasi idak bisa terjadi/tidak terlaksana karena seseorang/sesuatu telah melebihi kapasitas Too + adjective/adverb + to inf My daugther is too young to go to school. She spoke too softly to hear. He has too many books to read. Too + adjective/adverb + for object + to inf The assighnment is too easy for her to do She spoke too softly for us to hear. Too memberikan impresi negatif

Enough
Enough :
Menyatakan cukup Dapat dipasangkan dengan adjective/adverb/noun Adjective/adverb + enough + to inf Adjective/adverb + enough + for object + to inf
The manager spoke loudly enough for everyone to hear. The fruit is good enough for the children to eat.