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References: 1. Grifin and Moorhead, 2012. 2. Schermerhorn et.al. Organizational Behavior , 2012.
beliefs that develops within an organization and guides the behavior of its members.
A set of values held by individuals in a firm
Anthropology
Sociology
Historical Foundations
Social Psychology
Economics
External adaptation
Knowing ways of reaching goals. Knowing the tasks and methods to achieve goals. Methods of coping with success and failure.
Internal integration
The creation of a collective identity. Finding ways of working and living together.
Organization Culture
Organization Climate
Difficult to alter in the short-run Means through which people in the organization learn and communicate organization acceptability (values and norms)
Subculture
A group of individuals who exhibit a unique
pattern of values and a philosophy that is consistent with the organizations dominant values and philosophy.
Counterculture
Groups whose patterns of values and philosophies
Observable culture
The way things are done
Shared values
Links people together
Sagas
Heroic accounts of organizational
accomplishments.
Rites
Standardized and recurring activities that are
used at special times to influence the behaviors and understanding of organizational members .
Cultural symbols
Any object, act, or event that serves to transmit
cultural meaning (i.e. the color brown and the nickname Big Brown is associated with UPS).
Shared values
Help turn routine activities into valuable and
important actions. Tie the organization to the important values of society. May provide a very distinctive source of competitive advantage.
Organizational myths
Unproven and often unstated beliefs that are
accepted uncritically.
Common myths
Senior management has no risk bias Presumption of administrative competence Denial of trade-offs
Cultural values The values that employees need to have and act on for the organization to act on the strategic values.
how the strategic and cultural values will combine to create the future.
employee behaviors
Tell stories that epitomizing cultural values Conduct ceremonies and rituals that emphasize
*Theory Z is an approach to management based upon a combination of American and Japanese management philosophies and characterized by, among other things, long-term job security, consensual decision making, slow evaluation and promotion procedures, and individual responsibility within a group context. http://www.referenceforbusiness.com
Innovation
The process of creating and doing new things that
Entrepreneurs profile Need for achievement Desire to assume responsibility Willing to take risks Focus on concrete results
Corporate Research
Supports existing businesses to provide
incremental innovations and to explore potential new technology bases Is responsible for keeping the companys products and processes technologically advanced
Empowerment
Is enabling workers to set their own work goals,
make decisions, solve problems within their sphere of responsibility and authority
within the existing culture than it is to change existing history, traditions, and values
Managers must be aware and understand the
organizations values
Managers can communicate their understanding
to lower-level individuals
2012 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 1822
Organizational mechanisms
Are examples of organization culture that employees see in more experienced employees behaviors
Corporate pamphlets and formal training sessions
2012 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 1823
influential as old ones Changing value systems requires enormous effort because value systems tend to be self-reinforcing
2012 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning 1824