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A statistical method for testing whether two or more dependent variable means are equal (i.e., the probability that any differences in means across several groups are due solely to sampling error). Variables in ANOVA (Analysis of Variance): Dependent variable is metric. Independent variable(s) is nominal with two or more levels also called treatment, manipulation, or factor. One-way ANOVA: only one independent variable with two or more levels. Two-way ANOVA: two independent variables each with two or more levels. With ANOVA, a single metric dependent variable is tested as the outcome of a treatment or manipulation. With MANOVA (Multiple Analysis of Variance), two or more metric dependent variables are tested as the outcome of a treatment(s).
H0: The means for all groups are the same (equal). Ha: The means are different for at least one pair of groups. H0: 1 = 2 = . = k Ha: 1 2 . k
The F-statistic assesses whether you can conclude that statistical differences are present somewhere between the group means. But to identify where the differences are you must use follow-up tests called multiple comparison tests. Many multiple comparison tests are available in SPSS.
Scheffe recommended
Games-Howell recommended
Samples are independent. Dependent variable is normally distributed for each of the samples with larger sample sizes ( > 20/group) not a serious problem should this be violated somewhat. Whether the sample sizes for the groups are very different (ratio of 1.5 or higher may be a problem). The variances for the different populations from which the samples are drawn are equal possibly a problem if they are not equal or at least comparable. In general ANOVA is a fairly robust procedure.
Variable Type
Metric Metric Metric Metric Metric Metric Metric Metric Metric Metric Metric Metric Nonmetric Nonmetric Nonmetric Nonmetric Metric Metric Metric Nonmetric Nonmetric Nonmetric Nonmetric Nonmetric Nonmetric Nonmetric Metric Nonmetric
Relationship Variables
Classification Variables
# 1, 2 or 3):
1 AD #1 2 AD #2 3 AD #3
There are significant differences between ratings for the ads, but we are not sure where the difference are based on this test.
There are significant differences between ratings for all three ads.
Two-way ANOVA
Examines the effect (if any) of two or more nonmetric independent variables on a single metric dependent variable. Total variation is examined for:
Variation due to each of the independent variables (main
effects). Variation due to the interaction of the independent variables that is their possible combined effect on the dependent variable beyond the separate influence of each (interaction effect).
Variation that remains unexplained (error).
Three hypotheses are tested simultaneously: 1. The effect of independent variable #1 on the dependent variable (main effect). 2. The effect of independent variable #2 on the dependent variable (main effect). 3. The combined (joint) effect of independent variables #1 and #2 on the dependent variable (interaction effect).
ANOVA Terms
Main Effect = the impact any single experimental variable has on a response (dependent) variable. Interaction Effect = the combined impact of multiple independent variables on a response variable; i.e., is the difference in the mean ratings of the ads (response variable) the same when we compare males and females?
Blocking Variable = a grouping variable the researcher doesnt manipulate or control in any way, such as gender.
Phil Samouel asked the researcher to test three different ads for their effectiveness. If the ratings of the ads are statistically different he would like to use that information to attract more customers. He also would like to know how various demographic characteristics are related to ad ratings. In this case, we use gender, which is referred to as a blocking variable. The null hypotheses are:
(1) No differences in ad ratings based on which ad was viewed; (2) No differences in ad ratings based on gender; (3) No differences in ad ratings based on the combined effects of which ad viewed and gender. The metric dependent variable for these hypotheses is X27 AD Rating and the nonmetric independent variables are X26 AD Viewed (# 1, 2 or 3) and X22 Gender.
AD Rating main effect significant (X26). Gender main effect not significant (X22). Interaction effect significant (X26 * X22).
If the interaction effect is not significant, the main effects of the treatments are independent and can be interpreted directly. If the interaction effect is significant, then the type of interaction must be determined.
The significant interaction and nonsignificant main effect for X22 raises a red flag.
The three ads are rated differently, with ad #1 rated lowest at 39.79, #3 somewhat higher at 51.50, and #2 the highest at 68.03.
There is a difference in ratings by gender across all three ads, with female ratings overall slightly more favorable (55.55 vs. 54.56). But remember overall there was not a statistically significant difference.
There is a significant difference between AD Ratings by males and females for ads #1 and #3, but not for ad #2.
Note: do not be fooled by the slope of the line the mean rating for males is 68.5 and for females is 67.8.
1. When should ANOVA be used? 2. What is the difference between one-way and two-way ANOVA? 3. What are multiple comparison tests and why are they used? 4. What is the difference between a main effect and an interaction effect?