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ORDBMS
ORDBMSs add new object storage capabilities to the relational systems at the core of modern information systems. These new facilities integrate management of traditional fielded data, complex objects such as timeseries and diverse binary media such as audio, video, images By encapsulating methods with data structures, an ORDBMS server can execute complex analytical and data manipulation operations to search and transform multimedia and other complex objects.
ODBMS
System
System
System (from Greek Word systma,) is an organized relationship among functioning units or components.
System is an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to a plan to achieve a specific objective.
Characteristics Of Systems
Organization: Implies the Structure and order. It is the arrangement of components to achieve objectives Interaction: Refers to the manner in which each component functions with other components of the system. (Ex computer) Interdependence : Means that parts of the organization depends on one another. Integration : It is concerned with how a system is tied together. Central Objective : Each system works to achieve a common objective
Elements Of a System
Inputs :- material or information that enters a system Outputs : - Outcome of Processing
Process : - Involves actual transformation of input into output
Contd
Types Of System
Physical or abstract systems Open or closed systems Man made systems
Physical System : - Are tangible systems . Ex : - computer system Abstract System :- are conceptual or nonphysical entities . Ex: Model , Formula
Open System :- Interacts with its environment Closed System :- Do not Interact with its environment . Is isolated from environmental influences
information system (IS) is typically considered to be a set of interrelated elements or components that collect (input), manipulate (processes), and disseminate (output) data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.
Major Information Systems are : Formal Information System Informal Information System Computer Based Information System
Formal Information System : - Is Based on the organization represented by the organization chart. It is concerned with the pattern of authority and Communication Informal Information System :- It is an employee based system designed to meet personnel needs and to solve work related problems
An Information System is an organized combination of people, hardware, software, communication networks and the data resources that collects, transforms and disseminates information in a organization.
IS Vs IT
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Hardware Software Databases are used to build INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Payroll System
Inventory System
Networks
Other related components
Marketing System
Maintenance
Need Recognition
What is the problem ?
One must know the problem before it is solved. It leads to preliminary survey or initial Investigation to determine whether an alternative system can solve the problem.
Feasibility Study
Depending on the results of the initial Investigation , the survey is expanded to a more detailed feasibility Study
It is a user oriented overview of the proposed information systems purpose and feasibility.
Types Of Feasibility
Economic Feasibility : - Involves questions such as whether the firm can afford to build the information system , whether benefits exceeds costs. Technical Feasibility :- - Involves questions such as whether the technology needed for the information system exists & whether the firm has enough experience using that technology
Organizational Feasibility : - Involves questions such as whether the information system has enough support to be implemented successfully
If the IS appears to be feasible , this phase produces a functional specification (Formal Proposal)
Formal Proposal consists of : Statement of the problem Summary of findings & recommendations Details of findings Recommendations & conclusions
Analysis
Analysis is a detailed study of the various operations performed by the system and their relationships within and outside the system It is a process of collecting factual data, understand the processes involved, identifying problems and recommending feasible suggestions for improving the system functioning. It determines whether or not a candidate system should consider other related systems?
Analysis Contd..
This involves studying the business processes, gathering operational data, understand the information flow, finding out bottlenecks and evolving solutions for overcoming the weaknesses of the system so as to achieve the organizational goals. System Analysis also includes subdividing of complex process involving the entire system, identification of data store and manual processes. DFD , Interview & Questionnaire are tools used in analysis
System Design
Based on the user requirements and the detailed analysis of the existing system, the new system must be designed. System designing is the most crucial phase in the developments of a system. The design process translates requirements into a representation of the software that can be assessed for quality before coding begins.
Design
Design focuses on four distinct attributes of a program:
Data structure Database (Fields / types) Software architecture (Function Hierarchy) Interface representations (Forms ,
reports, Screens)
Coding
The design must be translated into a machinereadable form. The system design needs to be implemented to make it a workable system. This demands the coding of design into computer understandable language, i.e., programming language.
Testing
The testing process focuses on the logical internals of the software ensuring that all statements have been tested
Conduct tests to uncover errors and ensure that defined input will produce actual results that agree with required results.
Testing
Unit Testing :- Test Each Program separately System testing:- Test the functioning of the system as a whole. Ex:- Performance Test , Stress Test
Acceptance Testing :- User Acceptance Testing (UAT) is a process to obtain confirmation by the client that the modification or addition meets mutually agreed-upon requirements. It is one of the final stages of a project and often occurs before a client or customer accepts the new system. Types : Alpha Test (developer site) & Beta Test (Customer Site)
Implementation
Is the process of putting the system into operation in an organization.
It includes training and conversion Training : - Is the process of Ensuring that system participants know what they need to know about system
Direct Conversion :- involves an immediate conversion to the new system. This method can appear cheaper but is full of problems. If the new system is not working right it may mean loss of data which may have huge implications depending on the type of data. It is not recommended
Parallel Conversion: Involves the old and new system working side by side.
Some operations are gradually implemented into the new system while the old system is still running. After all the operations have been carried out under the new system and the new system has been debugged then the old system is discontinued.
Phased Conversion: This involves the gradual implementation of the new system. As the various operations are tried on the new system , the old is discontinued in those operations Ex : If the system is introduced by functions , a new payroll system might begin with hourly workers , then add salaried Employees
Pilot Conversion: Involves implementing the new system in only a small part of the organization such as single department . If there are any problems with the new system then the old system is still there as a backup.
Maintenance
Both users and technical specialists determines how well it has met its objectives and decide whether any revision is required or not .
Strengths of SDLC
Oldest and Most Widely Used Simple Step-by-step process Ensures consistency on sequence of phases and how they are followed. Distinct milestones and deliverables for each phase Supports project management
Weakness of SDLC
Inflexible because real projects rarely follow the sequential flow that the model proposes It is often difficult for the customers to state all requirements explicitly. The customer must have patience to wait to validate the software product in the late phases. (until programs are implemented) Difficult to respond to changing customer requirements