Quiz 2

Bonding and Lewis Structures

Quiz 2
1. Atoms bond to one another to form molecules because? 2. Explain the Octet Rule. 3. _______ are the electrons located in the outermost energy level of an atom. 4. Aside from obeying the octet rule, what is the other driving force of Ionic bonding? 5. Covalent bonding usually forms from the combination of which types of elements?

Quiz 2
6. Which is stronger? Ionic or Covalent bond? 7. _____represent the bonds between atoms of a molecule as well as any unbonded electron pairs. 8.True or False: You can draw Lewis Structures for Ionically bonded compounds. 9. Draw the Lewis Structure of CO2 10. Draw the Lewis Structure of CCl4 For #s 9-10, show complete solution for every step

Molecular Geometry
Molecules: How They Shape Up

Predicting Molecule Shapes

Shape can be unambiguous for molecules that contain only 2 atoms; For those with more than 2 atoms, there are more shape possibilities

3-D REPRESENTATION OF CHOLESTEROL

Predicting Molecule Shape

It is important to know the Lewis Structure of a molecule before one can predict its shape.

Predicting Molecule Shape/ Geometry

The arrangement of its electrons (bonding and lone pairs) directly affect molecule shape. Like charges repel so electrons in a molecule stay as far apart as possible to lessen repulsion

Repulsion in Molecular Geometry

If there are non-bonding electrons in the central atom, repulsion will be greater so atoms will be pushed closer to each other Repulsion of nonbonding pair is stronger than repulsion of binding pairs

Step 1
Draw the Lewis Structure. Make sure the octet rule is satisfied for all atoms (except H) Lets do it for Methane, CH4

H H

C H

Step 2
Assume the arrangement wherein the bonding electron pairs are as far apart as possible How can we draw each line so that they are far apart as possible? Is it this one?

Step 3
Count the number of bonds surrounding the central atom. Count the number of electron pairs surrounding the central atom as well A= Central Atom B= #of bonds surrounding central atom E= # of Electron pairs surrounding the central atom So Methane is an AB4

AB4 Tetrahedral Geometry

FOR AB4 TYPE MOLECULES SUCH AS METHANE CH4, THE PREDICTED MOLECULAR GEOMETRY IS TETRAHEDRAL

Molecular Geometry
Three dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule Molecular geometry affects the physical properties of compounds such A simple procedure that enables the prediction of the overall geometry of a molecule.

Molecular Geometry
Basis of Molecular geometry is Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion model (VSEPR) The geometry that a molecule assumes is the structure which repulsion is minimized.

Another Example
Predict the molecular Geometry of Water, H2O

Step 1. Draw the Lewis Structure Step 2. Assume the arrangement wherein the bonding electron pairs are as far apart as possible

Step 3
Count the number of bonds surrounding the central atom. Count the number of electron pairs surrounding the central atom as well A= Central Atom B= #of bonds surrounding central atom E= # of Electron pairs surrounding the central atom
SO FOR WATER, B=2 AND E=2 THEREFORE WATER CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS AN AB2E2 MOLECULE WITH A BENT GEOMETRY

Water Molecule

Molecules with Multiple Bonds

Some molecules contain double/triple bonds to be able to obey the octet rule. With these molecules, consider the double/triple bond as a single bond only when predicting molecular geometry
i.e. CO2 is classified as an AB2 molecule as double bonds are considered as a single bond. Therefore it has LINEAR Geometry

Carbon Dioxide Molecule

Exercises
Predict the Molecular Geometry of the given molecules NH4+ AlCl4 H2S

For Next Meeting

Quiz on Molecular Geometry Creative Group Presentations
Maximum of 6 minutes per group (including set up time) 1 minute for Q&A Tackle Monomer unit, Polymer unit, Properties, examples