Korea & United States

At least 1500 years Always a small country Highly homogenous Historically hierarchical and authoritarian Humble on the world stage, yet confident Near hostile neighbors Only 230 years Originally small, yet became superpower Very heterogeneous Historically unequal, but democratic Confident, but smug Geographically safe

Geopolitical Factors
Relatively new land Large, wide-open spaces Abundant resources Room to grow Friendly neighbors to the north & south Oceans to the west & east

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union General: at beginning of the war, most politicians & other generals thought he was crazy Most responsible for Lincolns re-election Changed warfare forever Weakened civilian support for Confederacy Cut infrastructure links, destroyed food supply, & kept materials away from Confederate troops

Conquest of the South

Election of 1864

Appomattox Courthouse

RECONSTRUCTION AND THE SOUTH

ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN
LINCOLNS LAST DAYS April 5: visited Richmond, Virginia, where warmly greeted by blacks A few days later delivered speech on Reconstruction, urging compassion and open-mindedness April 14: had a Cabinet meeting where discussed postwar plans Went to Ford Theater where he was shot by John Wilkes Booth Died April 15, 1865

Union and Confederate Deaths

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Black Southerners Leaving Plantations

PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION
While property damage was high, civilian population was treated relatively well Jefferson Davis was captured in May 1865 and put in jail but in 1867 the military turned him over to civilian courts which released him on bail A few other Confederate officials spent short times in jail Only Major Henry Wirz, commander of Anderson Ville military prison, was hanged

PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION
December 8, 1863: Lincoln issued 10% Plan With exception of high Confederate officials and a few other special groups, all Southerners could reinstate themselves by taking a simple loyalty oath When, in any state, a number equal to 10% of those voting in 1860 election had taken this oath, they could set up state government Government had to be republican in form, must recognize freedom of slaves, must provide for black education

PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION
Andrew Johnson (Democrat) Military governor of Tennessee Political strength came from poor whites and yeomen farmers of eastern Tennessee; enjoyed attacking aristocrats Free homesteads, public education and absolute social equality (among whites) were his goals Despite early Republican willingness to work with him, he soon alienated them Had respect for states rights Had contempt for blacks

PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION
Johnsons Reconstruction vision Assumed that with war over, most Southerners would take loyalty oath Confederates, with property in excess of $20,000, were excluded from the general pardon By the time Congress convened in December 1865, all the southern states had organized governments, ratified the Thirteenth amendment abolishing slavery and elected senators and representatives

REPUBLICAN RADICALS
Ultra radicals in Congress (led by Sumner) demanded immediate and absolute civil and political equality for blacks Should be given the vote, a plot of land, and access to decent education Radicals (led by Thaddeus Stevens in House and Ben Wade in Senate) agreed with ultras objectives but were willing to forgo actual social equality Moderate Republicans wanted to protect former slaves from exploitation and guarantee their basic rights but were not willing to push for full political equality

REPUBLICAN RADICALS
Black Codes
Most permitted blacks to sue and testify in court, at least against others of their own race Could own certain types of property and other rights were guaranteed, but could not bear arms Could not be employed in an occupation other than farming or domestic service Could not leave their jobs without forfeiting back pay Mississippi code required them to sign year long labor contracts

CONGRESS REJECTS JOHNSONIAN RECONSTRUCTION

Congress passed bill extending and strengthening the Freedmans Bureau which had been established in March 1865 to care for refugees Johnson vetoed it arguing it was an unconstitutional extension of military authority in peacetime Congress responded by passing a Civil Rights Act Declared specifically that blacks were citizens Denied states the power to restrict their rights to testify in court, to make contracts for their labor, and to hold property April 9, 1866: Congress overrode presidential veto of Civil Rights Act and obtained upper hand in Reconstruction

CONGRESS REJECTS JOHNSONIAN RECONSTRUCTION

Few Northerners believed in black equality Between 1866 and 1868, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Connecticut, Nebraska, New Jersey, Ohio, Michigan and Pennsylvania rejected bills granting blacks the vote 14th Amendment: Equal Protection and Due Process Never before had newly freed slaves been granted substantial political rights

RECONSTRUCTION ACTS
March 2, 1867: First Reconstruction Act
Divided former Confederacy (except Tennessee) into five military districts, each controlled by a major general Gave these officers almost dictatorial power to protect the civil rights of all persons, maintain order, and supervise the administration of justice To rejoin union, states had to adopt new state constitutions guaranteeing blacks the right to vote and disenfranchising broad classes of ex-Confederates If new constitutions satisfactory and if new governments ratified 14th amendment, would be admitted to Congress and military rule ended Overrode Johnsons veto

Reconstruction Military Districts

RECONSTRUCTION ACTS
June 1868: Arkansas was readmitted to the Union By July, 14th Amendment had passed Final southern state (Georgia) qualified July 1870

CONGRESS SUPREME
In an attempt to defeat Johnson and bring southerners to heel, Republicans passed a series of legislation that increased Congressional control over the army, over the process of amending the Constitution, and over Cabinet members Tenure of Office Act of 1867: prohibited the President from removing officials who had been appointed with the consent of the Senate without first obtaining Senate approval, impeachment February 1868: Johnson dismissed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without Senate approval; House impeached Johnson May 16, 1868: Senate failed by single vote to convict

Women in the 1870s

The vote (in some

states) Buying and owning property

Suing in a court of law Being sued in a court of law Testifying in court

Signing and keeping

contracts

Running for political office Divorce & inheritance Attending college or university Entering a profession

The Election of 1868

15TH AMENDMENT & 1868 ELECTION

Forbade all states to deny the vote to anyone on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude
Election of 1868 Republicans nominated Ulysses S. Grant Grant won with 214 electoral votes to 80 and 3 million popular votes to 2.7 million Margin of victory provided by southern blacks Importance of black vote made Republicans decide that amendment needed to guarantee black votes in all states, not just in the South

BLACK REPUBLICAN RECONSTRUTION: Scalawags & Carpetbaggers

Former slaves in the South voted and held office
Almost unanimously voted Republican

Real rulers of black Republican governments were white

Scalawags: Southerners willing to cooperate with the Republicans because they accepted the results of the war and wished to advance their own interests Carpetbaggers: Northerners who went South as idealists to help the freed slaves, as employees of the federal government, or more commonly as settlers hoping to improve

BLACK REPUBLICAN RECONSTRUTION:

Blacks did not dominate southern governments Mainly poor and uneducated; nearly everywhere a minority Blacks that held office:
Tended to be better educated and more prosperous than most southern blacks Disproportionate number had been free before the war Of those who had been slaves, most had been house servants and artisans Many blacks were able and conscientious public servants, though not all Many northern commentators exaggerated the immorality and incompetence of blacks, but waste and corruption were common

THE RAVAGED LAND

South desperately poor Blacks sought land of their own and Thaddeus Stevens supported the goal, recommending redistributing land from planters: Freedmans Bureau: Problem: would still need seed, tools and other necessities Congress did open 46 million acres of poor quality federal land under Homestead Act but few settled Whites saw blacks as lazy and shiftless Blacks chose to use time and resources differently than under slavery; many blacks left South for the North or West

Afro-Americans in Congress: Hiram Revels (in Senate) ,others in the House

SHARECROPPING AND THE CROP-LIEN SYSTEM

Sharecropping Planters broke up their estates into small units and established a black family on each Planter provided housing, agricultural implements, draft animals, seed and other supplies and family provided labor Crop was divided between them (usually 50-50 basis) If landlord supplied only land and housing, laborer got a larger shareshare tenancy Biggest problem for South was lack of capital

SHARECROPPING AND THE CROP-LIEN SYSTEM

Cotton production revived in 1870s and once again ruled the South

Economic Progress in South

Progress in South slow compared to rest of nation Before Civil War, South averaged 4 million bales a year, a figure they did not reach again until 1870 National wheat production went from 175 million bushels in 1859 to 449 million in 1878 7,000 miles of railroad were built in South from 1865 to 1879, 45,000 miles in rest of country

THE WHITE BACKLASH

Radical southern governments needed white support (especially wealthy merchants and planters) because blacks were in the majority only in South Carolina and Louisiana Klan, originally a social club, founded in Tennessee in 1866; when intimidation failed, resorted to force and often murder Congress struck at Klan with three Force Acts (18701871) Placed elections under federal jurisdiction Imposed fines and prison sentences on persons convicted of interfering with any citizens exercise of the franchise; troops were dispatched to areas where the Klan was strong By 1872 federal authorities had broken up the Klan

The Election of 1872

THE WHITE BACKLASH

But Klan had undermined radical regimes throughout South Became respectable to intimidate blacks Conservative Democrats redeemed southern governments Northerners were losing interest in the South though reminders of Democratic role in Civil War could still stir voters But no longer willing to support army

GRANT AS PRESIDENT
Beginning in 1873, economic difficulties plagued the country Heated controversy over tariff policy with western interests seeking a reduction Grant failed to live up to expectations as president Major corruption problems Whiskey Ring Affair Indian Ring Grant triumphed but Democrats carried House of Representatives in 1874 interim elections By the end of 1875 only South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida were still under Republican control

DISPUTED ELECTION OF 1876 THE END OF RECONSTRUTION

1876 Election: Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, Governor of Ohio; Democrats nominated Samuel J. Tilden, Governor of New York, who had helped break up Tweed Ring Results Would give Tilden 203 electoral votes to 165 and popular plurality of 250,000 out of 8 million votes cast Republican regimes in three southern states under their control staged recounts that determined Hayes was the winner

THE COMPROMISE OF 1877

Southern Democrats were willing to settle if Hayes would remove remaining troops and allow South to manage its own affairs Hayes was declared winner on March 2, 1877, 185 electoral votes to 184 He recalled the last troops from South Carolina and Louisiana in April Appointed former Confederate general David M. Key of Tennessee, postmaster general and asked him to find Southerners to serve in government South remained solidly Democrat Reconstruction was over

THE CONQUEST OF THE WEST

Westward Industrialization & Urbanization

In Promontory, Utah, transcontinental railroad completed in 1869 Quickens & simplifies settlement, transport, & commercialization of the West

THE WEST AFTER CIVIL WAR & TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD

West contained several bustling cities including San Francisco, with a population approaching 250,000 in the late 1870s Economy was predominantly agricultural and extractive but also commercial and entering the early stages of industrial development Beginning in 1850s, 4,000-5,000 Chinese per year as cheap labor for railroad construction When railroads were finished, the Chinese began competing with white labor which led to a great cry of resentment on the west coast CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT: When Chinese immigration reached 40,000 in 1882, Congress banned further immigration for 10 years (later indefinitely extended)

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Washing Machine Ad, 1869

PLAINS INDIANS
In 1860, the survivors of most of the eastern tribes were living peacefully in Indian Territory Elsewhere in the West, there were nearly a quarter of a million Indians Most important lived on High Plains Possessed a generally uniform culture Lived by hunting the bison (or buffalo) which provided food, clothing, shelter, firewood and a religious symbol decrease in buffalo and increase in frequency & bloodiness of warfare

THE PLAINS INDIANS

Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 Great council of western tribes was called 10,000 Indians attended Thomas Fitzpatrick persuaded each tribe to accept definite limits to its hunting grounds In return Indians were promised gifts and annual payments Policy known as concentration was designed to cut down on intertribal warfare and to enable the government to negotiate separately with each tribe Government showed little interest in honoring agreements with Indians

2002 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

Cowboys at Night Camp

INDIAN WARS
Many Indians refused to abide by these agreements; Indians made excellent guerilla fighters and were often able to stymie the military 1874: gold was discovered in the Black Hills on the Sioux Reservation and thousands of miners poured in causing the Sioux to go on the warpath George Armstrong Custer and the 7th Cavalry were sent ahead to locate the Indians and block their escape Underestimating the # of Indians, Custer chose to attack His 264 men were slaughtered by 2,500 Sioux, summer of 1876 Custers Last Stand

DESTRUCTION OF TRIBAL LIFE

Fighting lessened with the coming of the transcontinental railroad and the slaughter of the buffalo
In mid 1860s, 13 to 15 million buffalo roamed the Plains Railroads contributed to slaughter, first to feed workers, then by bringing hunters from east 1871: commercial use of buffalo discovered and sealed their fate In next three years 9 million were killed and after another decade, buffalo were almost extinct

By 1887: tribes of plains, mountains, and deserts had also given up the fight
Apache were last on the field with capture of leader Geronimo in 1886

DESTRUCTION OF TRIBAL LIFE

DAWES SEVERALTY ACT OF 1887 Tribal lands were to be split up into individual allotments; those who accepted allotments, took up residence separate from tribes, and adopted habit of civilized life were to be granted U.S. citizenship Land could not be disposed of for 25 years Funds were to be appropriated for educating and training the Indians Shattered what was left of Indians culture without enabling them to adjust to white ways By 1934, Indians had lost 86 million of their 138 million acres

THE LURE OF GOLD AND SILVER IN THE WEST

But gradually mines came to be controlled by large corporations who made off with most of the wealth For mines to be profitable, large capital investments were required Tunnels had to be blasted into the earth Heavy machinery had to be purchased and transported Metal found bolstered financial position of U.S., enabling the country to pay for goods needed during the war and for postwar economic development People discovered they could make more money supplying miners than mining

BIG BUSINESS & LAND BONANZA

While Homestead Act intended to give land for free, it still cost almost $1,000 to start a farm Industrial workers had neither the skills nor the inclination to become farmers Homesteaders usually came from districts not far removed from frontier conditions 160 acres was not enough for raising livestock or for the commercial agriculture occurring west of the Mississippi

BIG BUSINESS & LAND BONANZA

Problems with settling the Plains Soil rich but climate made agriculture difficult if not impossible; cold-shear plow Blizzards, floods, grasshopper plagues, and prairie fires caused repeated problems Bonanza farms: giant corporate controlled farms Encouraged by the flat immensity of the land and newly available farm machinery Could buy supplies wholesale and obtain concessions from railroads and processors Most failed in the drought years of the late 1880s Plains still became breadbasket of America after war

WESTERN RAILROAD BUILDING

Government subsidies of railroads further contributed to exploitation of land resources, yet grants of land seemed like a reasonable way to get railroads built and they were needed for the development of the West Federal land grants to railroads began in 1850 Over next two decades 49 million acres were given to various lines 25 million reverted back to government when companies failed to lay requisite amount of track

WESTERN RAILROAD BUILDING

75 percent went to aid construction of 4 transcontinental railroads Union Pacific-Central Pacific line from Nebraska to San Francisco completed in 1869 Atchinson, Topeka, and Santa Fe running from Kansas City to Los Angeles completed in 1883 Southern Pacific running from San Francisco to New Orleans completed in 1883 Northern Pacific running from Duluth, Minnesota, to Portland, Oregon, completed in 1883 Transcontinental Railroad completed in Promontory, Utah in 1869

CATTLE KINGDOM
By late 18th Century large herds of cattle roamed southern Texas These descendants of Spanish cows interbred with English to produce the Texas longhorn While hardly the best beef cattle, they existed by the millions, largely un-owned Eastern urban growth combined with railroad expansion made it profitable to exploit the cattle Longhorns could be had locally for $3 to $4 a head and sold in the east for 10 times as much Made sense to round up cattle, drive them north across federally owned land, allowing them to graze and fatten along the way, and deliver them to railroads running through Kansas

American Indians: Doomed

In the 1890 Census, the American Frontier is gone.

BARBED-WIRE WARFARE
Congress refused to change the land laws, which had 2 bad effects: Encouraged fraud Desert Land Act (1877) allowed anyone to obtain 640 acres in arid states for $1.25 an acre provided part of it was irrigated within 3 years Since transfers of title were legal, cattlemen had minions buy areas then transfer the titles; 95 % of claims fraudulent Fencing made possible by 1874 invention of barbed wire by Joseph F. Glidden By 1880s thousands of miles of fence strung across the plains Resulted in wars between competing interests: Indians, crop farmers, ranchers, mining, etc

BARBED-WIRE WARFARE
Boom times were ending
Overproduction drove down the price of beef Expenses were rising Many sections of the range were badly overgrazed Dry summer of 1886 left stock in bad shape Blizzard of 1886-1887 wiped out 80-90 percent of the cattle and ended open range ranching Some large companies went bankrupt & many independent operators sold out In wake of blizzard, fencing continued but now ranchers only enclosed land they actually owned