Interest Rate Parity & Purchasing power parity

Presented by Parin sanghvi Aakash chougule Amey Chaudankar Vikas Chaturvedi Surbhi Gautam Priti Bidasaria Rasika jalan Dipti Prabhupatkar

Interest Rate Parity (IRP)

Interest Rate Parity

The Interest Rate Parity states that the interest rate difference between two countries is equal to the percentage difference between the forward exchange rate and the spot exchange rate.

 It plays essential role in foreign exchange markets. The difference between the interest rates in any two countries is the same as the difference between the forward and the spot rates of their respective currencies.

 Interest rate parity A currency is worth what it can earn. The return on a currency is the interest rate on that currency plus the expected rate of appreciation over a given period. When the returns on two currencies are equal, interest rate parity prevails.

Explanation
The relationship can be seen when you follow the two methods an investor may take to convert foreign currency into U.S. dollars. Option A would be to invest the foreign currency locally at the risk-free rate for a specific time period. Then convert the proceeds from the investment into U.S. dollars at the maturity. Option B would be to invest the same dollars in the (U.S.) market for the same time period. When no arbitrage opportunities exist, the cash flows from both options are equal.

Mathematically

Rate of return in local currency

Rate of return in foreign currency

In equilibrium, returns on currencies will be the same i. e. No profit will be realized and interest rate parity exits which can be written (1 + rh) = F (1 + rf) S

Violation of IRP
If interest rate parity is violated, then an arbitrage opportunity exists. The simplest example of this is what would happen if the forward rate was the same as the spot rate but the interest rates were different, then investors would: borrow in the currency with the lower rate convert the cash at spot rates enter into a forward contract to convert the cash plus the expected interest at the same rate invest the money at the higher rate convert back through the forward contract repay the principal and the interest, knowing the latter will be less than the interest received.

Implications of IRP
If domestic interest rates are less than foreign interest rates, you will invest in foreign country at higher interest rates. Domestic investors can benefit by investing in the foreign market

Implications of IRP
If domestic interest rates are more than foreign interest rates, you will invest in domestic market at higher interest rates Foreign investors can benefit by investing in the domestic market

Purchasing power parity (PPP)

Purchasing power parity (PPP)

The purchasing power of a countrys currency. The number of units of currency required to purchase a basket of goods in Pakistan and the same basket of goods and services that a USD would buy in United states.

Need for PPP

Because the exchange rates only reflects when goods are traded. Also, currencies are traded for purposes other than trade in goods and services, e.g., to buy capital assets. Also, different interest rates, speculation or interventions by central banks can influence the foreign-exchange market.

Purpose
Differences in living standards between nations because PPP takes into account the relative cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries,

Assumption
In the absence of transportation and other transaction costs, competitive markets will equalize the price of an identical good in two countries when the prices are expressed in the same currency.

Example
For example, a TV set that sells for 750 Canadian Dollars [CAD] in Vancouver should cost 500 US Dollars [USD] in Seattle when the exchange rate between Canada and the US is 1.50 CAD/USD. If the price of the TV in Vancouver was only 700 CAD, consumers in Seattle would prefer buying the TV set in Vancouver due to which the US consumers buying Canadian goods will bid up the value of the Canadian Dollar, thus making Canadian goods more costly to them. This process continues until the goods have again the same price.

Fluctuations
PPP rate fluctuations are mostly due to different rates of inflation in the two economies which would result in the difference in prices at home and abroad

Reasons for different measures

The main reasons why different measures do not perfectly reflect standards of living are:

PPP numbers can vary with the specific basket of goods used, making it a rough estimate. Differences in quality of goods are hard to measure and thereby reflect in PPP.

Range and quality of goods

Local, non-tradable goods and services (like electric power) that are produced and sold domestically. Tradable goods such as non-perishable commodities that can be sold on the international market

Rank Country
1 2 United States China

GDP (PPP) $M
14,264,600 7,916,429

3
4 5 6

Japan
India Germany Russia

4,354,368
3,288,345 2,910,490 2,260,907

27

Pakistan

439,558

List by the International Monetary Fund (2008)

Factors effecting
IRP and PPP

Factors of PPP
Technology Luxury goods Raw materials Energy prices

Factors for IRP

Factors that influence the level of market interest rates include: Expected levels of inflation General economic conditions Monetary policy Foreign exchange market activity Foreign investor Levels of sovereign debt outstanding Financial and political stability

Formulas

}
Fo = forward rate So = current spot rate ic = interest rate in country c ib = interest rate in country b

IRP

PPP

S1 = expected spot rate So = current spot rate ic = expected inflation rate in country c ib = expected inflation rate in country b

Question IRP
A Canadian company is expected to receive Kuwaiti dinars in 1 years time. The spot rate is CAD/Dinar 5.4670. The company could borrow in dinars at 9% or in Canadian dollars at 14%. There is no forward rate for one years time. Predict what the exchange rate is likely to be in one year

Solution

So = 5.4670 ic = 14% or 0.14 ib = 9% or 0.09

F = 5.4670 x (1 + 0.14) (1 + 0.09)

F = 5.7178

Question PPP
The spot exchange rate between UK sterling and Danish kroner is 1 = 8 kroners. Assuming that there is now purchasing parity an amount of commodity costing 110 in UK will cost 880 kroners in Denmark. Over the next year price inflation in denmark is expected to be 5% while in UK it is expected to be 8%. What is the expected spot exchange rate at the end of the year?

Solution

So = 8 ic = 5% or 0.05 ib = 8% or 0.08

S1 = 8 x (1 + 0.05) (1 + 0.08)

S = 7.78
1

UK price = 110 x 1.08= 118.80 Danish price = 880 x 1.05= 924 Kroner
= 924 118.80 = 7.78

Thank you