King Of The Jungle

Nation Power

Women's Power

Brand Power

Leaders Power

Celebrities Power

Chapter learning objectives

Definition of power Contrast leadership and power. the seven bases of power. dependency in power relationships. nine influence power tactics and their contingencies. sexual harassment

the importance of a political perspective. individual and organizational factors that stimulate political behavior. techniques for managing the impression one makes on others. how defensive behaviors can protect an individuals self-interest. three questions that can help determine if a political action is ethical.

A Definition of Power
Power:
A capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so that B acts in accordance with As wishes.

Contrasting Leadership and Power

Leadership
Focuses on goal achievement. Requires goal compatibility with followers. Focuses influence downward. Research Focus Leadership styles and relationships with followers

Power Used as a means for achieving goals. Requires follower dependency. Used to gain lateral and upward influence. Research Focus Power tactics for gaining compliance

Bases Of Power
Formal Power

Personal Powers

Coercive Power Reward Power Legitimate Power Information Power

Expert Power Referent Power Charismatic Power

Bases of Power: Formal Power

Formal Power:
Is established by an individuals position in an organization; conveys the ability to coerce or reward, from formal authority, or from control of information.

Coercive Power:
A power base dependent on fear.

Reward Power
Compliance achieved based on the ability to distribute rewards that others view as valuable

Bases of Power: Formal Power

Legitimate Power:
The power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization.

Information Power:
Power that comes from access to and control over information.

Bases of Power: Personal Power

Expert Power: Influence based on special skills or knowledge. Referent Power: Influence based on possession by an individual of desirable resources or personal traits.

Charismatic Power:
An extension of referent power stemming from an individuals personality and interpersonal style.

Dependency: The Key To Power

For Example: A powerful manager who controls rewards may be dependant on the employee to achieve his/her goals.

The General Dependency Postulate

The greater Bs dependency on A, the greater the power A has over B.

Example: BCCI Vs. WADA code

Recently ICC implemented the WADA code in cricket. According to it, cricketers will have to inform about their whereabouts 3 months in advance.

Example of Power: BCCI vs. WADA code

While all the Cricket Boards accepted it, BCCI stood against it and has not implemented it yet , citing reason that it hinders privacy of cricketers.

What creates Dependency?

Importance

Scarcity
Nonsubstitutability

Importance

The things you control must be important For example, if money is very important to B, and A is in a position to dispense money, then B is very likely to be open to A's influence.

BCCI is the biggest & most POWERFUL board in the cricket world and it is the major source of revenue for cricket.

Scarcity

A resource must be perceived as scarce. If promotions are unlikely to occur on a frequent basis -- they are scarce -- then B, wishing to be promoted, may accede to A's power if it can be shown that A has control over this scarce "resource".

because of the extreme popularity of cricket in India,

Unlike football or tennis , cricket is a very popular game only in around 10 countries of the world.

Nonsubstitutability

The resource cannot be substituted with something else. If B cannot gain access to a desired resource other than through A, then A has power over B. A salesperson may attempt to gain power over a buyer by claiming that only the product she represents can satisfy the client's needs.

No other nation in the world, is as cricketcrazy as India is. No other cricket board in the world is as big as the BCCI. One cannot compare India or BCCI with any other cricket playing nation or cricket board in revenue, fan following, popularity etc.

The entire story can be summarised from the following headline appearing in the Times Of India:

The Power of BCCI ..The conclusion

Examples of Use of Power in an Organization:

Boss Power

Power Tactics:
Power Tactics:

Ways in which individuals translate power bases into specific actions.

Nine Generic Influence Tactics

Rational persuasion:
Trying to convince someone with reason, logic or facts.

Inspirational appeals:

Trying to build enthusiasm by appealing to others emotions, ideals, or values.

Consultation:
Getting others to participate in planning, making decisions, and changes.

Exchange:
Making express or implied promises and trading favors.

Personal appeals
Referring to friendship and loyalty when making a request.

Ingratiation. Getting someone in a good mood prior to making a request; being friendly, helpful, and using praise or flattery.

Pressure. Demanding compliance or using intimidation or threats.

Coalition tactics. Getting others to support

your effort to persuade someone.

Power tactics by influence direction

UPWARD INFLUENCE

DOWNWARD INFLUENCE

LATERAL INFLUENCE

Rational persuasion

Rational persuasion Inspirational appeals Pressure Consultation Ingratiation Exchange Legitimacy

Rational persuasion Consultation Ingratiation Exchange Legitimacy Personal appeals coalitions

Factors affecting the working of tactics

The sequencing of tactics A persons skills & his relative power The type of request & how the request is perceived The culture of the organization Country specific cultural factors

Types of tactics

Softer tactics Harder tactics

Personal & inspirational appeals Rational persuasion consultation

Exchange coalitions

Power in Groups: Coalitions

Coalitions
Clusters of individuals who temporarily come together to a achieve a specific purpose. > Seek to maximize their size to attain influence. > Seek a broad and diverse constituency for support of their objectives. > Occur more frequently in organizations with high task and resource interdependencies. > Occur more frequently if tasks are standardized and routine.

Sexual Harassment

Sexual Harassment
Uninvited and unwelcome verbal or physical behaviour of a sexual nature especially by a person in authority in an organization.
Any unwanted activity of a sexual nature that affects an individuals employment and creates a hostile work environment.

Types of Sexual Harassment

(1) Unwanted sexual advances (2) Offering employment benefits in exchange for sexual favours (3) Making sexual gestures (4) Displaying sexually suggestive objects, pictures, cartoons or posters (5) Physical touching and blocking movements

DIAL CORPORATION

Politics : Power in Action

Activities that are not required as part of ones formal role in the organization, but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution of advantages or disadvantages within the organization.

Political Behaviors

Legitimate Political Behavior :Normal everyday politics.

Illegitimate Political Behavior :Extreme political behavior that violates the implied rules of the game.

Legitimate Political Behavior

Complaining to your supervisor

By passing the change of command

Forming coalitions

Obstructing organizational policies

Decision through inaction

Developing contacts outside the organization through once professional activity

Illegitimate Political Behaviors

Sabotage

Whistle-blowing

Wearing unorthodox dress

Protest buttons

Group of employees simultaneously calling in sick

The Reality of Politics

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR

There are two types of factors which influence political behaviour. They are: (1) Individual Factors (2) Organizational Factors

INDIVIDUAL FACTORS

HIGH SELF MONITORS

They are those kind of people who can adapt to different kind of situations. Also, they exhibit higher levels of social conformity.

INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL

These people are highly proactive in nature. Also, they have a persona to change the environment in their favour.

HIGH MACH PERSONALITY

They keep their own self interest first and they have a high desire for power. They willingly manipulate to change the situations in their favour.

ORGANIZATIONAL INVESTMENT
When a person expects that his future benefit in the organization would be high, then he would be less prone to political behaviour in the organization.

PERCEIVED JOB ALTERNATIVES

When a person has a favourable job market, like possesion of scarce skills, or influential contacts outside the organization, then he would pursue more politicking.

EXPECTATIONS OF SUCCESS
When there is a high expectation of success, it leads to political behaviour.

ORGANIZATIONAL

FACTORS

REALLOCATION OF RESOURCES
Whenever there is reduction in resources or any change in resources, employees compete for that LIMITED RESOURCE and it leads to politicking in the organization.

PROMOTION OPPURTUNITIES
The desire for being promoted to the NEXT HIGHER LEVEL in the hierarchy stimulates political behavior among the employees of the organization.

LOW TRUST
The more LOW TRUST is present among the employees, the more it leads to dissatisfaction, and in turn , to politicking.

ROLE AMBIGUITY
In a group, when individuals do not know what role they have to perform, they will naturally succumb to politics.

UNCLEAR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SYSTEM

In performance evaluation, if we use subjective criteria, single outcome measure, or allow significant time to pass between the time of an action and its appraisal, it creates ambiguity and the employee will exhibit less political behavior.

ZERO-SUM REWARD PRACTICES

When any employee in a organization gets the whole reward, and the other employees do not get the larger share or nothing, then it leads to competion and in turn, political behavior.

DEMOCRATIC DECISION MAKING

These people take the benefit of a meetings, discussions to maneuver and manipulate situations in their favour.

HIGH PERFORMANCE PRESSURES

Whenever there is high pressure, we want the result to look in our favour and so, it leads to political behaviour.

SELF SERVICING MANAGERS

Whenever any higher level authority does politics succesfully, it leads to the lower level employees undergoing political behaviour.

Factors That Influence Political Behaviors

EXH

IMPRESSION MENAGEMENT

Definition
Impression management: The process
by which people attempt to control or manipulate the reactions of others to images of themselves or their ideas.

Essential elements of impression management is that time and situation

IM Techniques

Favors

SelfPromotions Association Techniques of IM Conformity

Flattery Acclaiming

Apologies

Excuse

Conformity
agreeing with anothers opinion to get their approval Example:- In board meeting manager tells his boss, you are absolutely right on your plan for increase the productivity

Excuses
give a favorable reason for which work was not done by us. Example:- In class student has not done work which was given by faculty, And then given excuses why the work was not did.

Apologies
Admitting responsibility for an undesirable event. Example:- in corporate movie the top Executive of malwah group of industries made huge mistake cause of his negligence and apologies to his boss.

Self-Promotion
Highlighting ones best quality, and calling attention to ones achievement. For ex, besides shown is an event organized by radio mirchi named Goonj a kind of promotional activity, selecting the singers in an another way of promoting themselves and reaching to new sources.

Flattery
Complimenting others on their virtues in an effort to make oneself appear perceptive and likeable Example:-in corporate movie top executive give a complement to new appointed employee for their hard working nature & sincerity.

Favors
Doing something nice for someone to gain that persons approval Example:- In Taare zameen movie aamir was doing a favor of ishan, aamir was also like him so he explain everything to his mom & dad. And after that ishan mad a improve himself.

Association
Enhancing or protecting ones image by managing information about people and things with which one is associated. For Example:- When any person go for interview then suddenly interviewer or the boss of the company met as a relative or old friend, Then they associate with them.

How Do People Respond To Organizational Politics?

Employee Responses to Organizational politics

Perceptions Of

Organizational
Politics

Reduced Performance

Increased Turnover

Increased Anxiety & Stress

Decreased Job Satisfaction

Defensive Behaviors

Avoiding Action Avoiding Blame Avoiding Change

Methods for Avoiding Action

Over-conforming Buck passing

Playing dumb
Stretching

Stalling

Methods for Avoiding Blame

Playing safe Justifying Scape-goating

Misrepresenting

Methods for Avoiding Change

Prevention Self Protection

Ethics of Behaving Politically

Unethical Question 1 Is the action motivated by self-serving interests which exclude the goals of the organization? Question 3 Is the political activity fair and equitable?
Yes

Ethical
Yes

Yes

No

No

Unethical Question 2 Does the political action respect individual rights?

No

Unethical

1.Contrast leadership and power. 2.Define the seven bases of power. 3.Clarify what creates dependency in power relationships. 4.List nine influence tactics and their contingencies. 5.Explain how sexual harassment is about the abuse of power.

6.Describe the importance of a political perspective. 7.List the individual and organizational factors that stimulate political behavior. 8.Identify seven techniques for managing the impression one makes on others. 9.Explain how defensive behaviors can protect an individuals self-interest. 10.List the three questions that can help determine if a political action is ethical.