Effect of Water Quality Improvement in Raw Water Source on Water Treatment Cost: A Case Study of West Tarum Canal

in Java
Aug 22, 2011

Ibnu Syamsi, Myong Jin Yu

UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL

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UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL

WTC System and Water Quality Monitoring Points

UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL

UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL

Introduction
West Tarum Canal (WTC) Cibeet, Cikarang and Bekasi River intercepted by WTC. Erosion by deforestration, and discharge of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater in the basins of three rivers. Deterioration of WTC water quality. Water Uses of WTC
Raw water supply to Water Treatment Plants (16.3m3/sec to Jakarta) Irrigation Industrial Uses

River Water Classification CLASS I (Gov. Regulation No. 82/2001 concerning water quality management) Present Water Quality of WTC Out of Class IV based on some parameters, BOD, DO, COD, SS, Fecal Coliform

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Key Water Parameters for WTC

Parameters Units CLASS I CLASS IV

Temperature TDS SS Turbidity pH BOD COD DO NH3-N NO3-N Fe Mn

C mg/L mg/L NTU mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

Dev. 3 1000 50 6-9 2 10 6 0.5 10 0.3 0.1

Dev. 5 2000 400

5-9 12 100 0 20 -

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Turbidity
The most important quality parameter affecting coagulant dose in water treatment WHO sets maximum level 5 NTU, 1 NTU for successful disinfection Less than 0.1 NTU applied to filtered water for removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium Raw water turbidity ranged from 3 to 28,239 NTU at Buaran WTP which takes raw water downstream of WTC

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Water Quality Levels at WTC and Crossing Rivers

BOD5 levels at the West Tarum Canal and crossing rivers during the period 1993-2010

30 25 20
B O D, mg / L

1 Curug 11 Cibeet 12 Cikarang 13 Bekasi 9 BTb.51

15 10 5 0 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 Year 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL Turbidity levels at the West Tarum Canal and crossing rivers during the period 1993-2010

16000 14000 12000

T u r b i d i ty , N T U

1 Curug 11 Cibeet 12 Cikarng 13 Bekasi 9 BTb.51

10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 Year 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

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Raw water turbidity

Daily average
160
141 148 129 118 110 101
Fr e q u e n c y

140 120 100 80 60 40

26 57

122 122

117 115

Raw water turbidity frequencies at Buaran WTP during the period 2006-2010
80

78

42 34 28 34 33 23 23 28 32 29 17 18 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

Daily maximum
140 120 100
Fr e q u e n c y

20 0

135 123 109 107 90 109 98 86 80 64 74 75 112 106

10

50

100

500 Turbidity, NTU

1000

3000

6000 10000

20000

Daily minimum
200
180 167 171 157 153 127

80 60 40 20 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1

53 34 24 20 36 26 25 29 16 30 24 17 16 37 29 17 3 1 1

150
130
Fr e q u e n c y

116 102

11

100
76 68 58 81 60 41 44 28 1 3 1 22 13 10 1 4 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10

50

100

500 Turbidity, NTU

1000

3000

6000 10000

20000 30000

50

10

50

100

500 Turbidity, NTU

1000

3000

6000

10000

20000

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Yearly frequencies of raw water turbidity at Buaran WTP

Turbidity, NTU

Frequency of daily average 298

Frequency of daily maximum 253

0 ~ 300

300 ~ 1000
1000 ~3000 3000 ~ 10000

32
27 8

47
27 23

10000 ~

14

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Results and discussion

Effects of separation of three rivers on water quality of WTC
BOD5 and turbidity along WTC will be compared in the following conditions. Present After Bekasi siphon construction After Bekasi and Cikarang siphon construction After Bekasi and Cibeet siphon construction After Bekasi, Cikarang and Cibeet siphon construction
Bekasi siphon most effective in reducing both BOD5 and turbidity Cikarang siphon more effective in BOD5 reduction. Cibeet siphon more effective in turbidity reduction.

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Effects of siphons on water qualities at the Buaran WTP intake using water quality data during the period 1993-2010
Alternatives BOD at Buaran (mg/L) 8.22 6.53 20.5 BOD reduction (%) Turbidity at Buaran (NTU) 822.9 624.7 24.1 Turbidity reduction (%)

Present Bekasi siphon Bekasi & Cikarang siphon

5.70

30.7

504.4

38.7

Bekasi & Cibeet siphon

6.2

25.0

455.3

44.7

Bekasi, Cikarang & Cibeet siphon

5.26

36.0

304.5

63.0

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Improvement of raw water turbidity by separation of three rivers

Turbidity frequency change at Buaran WTP after the construction of siphons
Frequency after Bekasi &Cikarang siphon 324 20 17 Frequency Frequency after Bekasi after Bekasi, &Cibeet Cikarang & siphon Cibeet siphon 328 18 15 340 15 10

Frequency Turbidity Present after Bekasi range, NTU frequency siphon

0 ~ 300 300 ~ 1000 1000 ~3000 298 32 27 314 24 20

3000 ~ 10000

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Chemicals used for turbidity removal

Chemicals used at the Buaran WTP

Daily average, maximum and minimum turbidity. Chemical doses such as alum, PAC, Sudfloc A, LT 20, LT7994, lime and chlorine every two hours.
Chemical Component Use Coagulation Coagulation Coagulation Coagulation aid Coagulation aid pH adjustment Unit price $200-400 per ton $300-320 per ton $750-800 per ton $4.99 per kg $4.99 per kg $90-200 per ton

Alum (Liquid) Aluminum sulphate PAC Sudfloc A LT20 LT7994 Lime Polyaluminium chloride Aluminum chlorohydrate Polyacrylamide Polydiallyldimethylammoni um Chloride Calcium hydroxide

Chlorine

Liquid chlorine

Disinfection

$100-300 per ton

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Relation between daily average turbidity removed and chemicals used

In general one kind of coagulant such as Alum or PAC is used in moderately turbid raw water. Extremely high turbidity in high frequency makes purification processes extremely difficult. Therefore, combination of three kinds of coagulant is used to strengthen the effects of each ones, and either of two kinds of polyelectrolyte is applied to make dense floc. Turbidity removal was related to the combined action of Alum, PAC, Sudofloc A and polyelectrolytes as follows: Average turbidity = - 411 + 2.65 Alum + 0.67 PAC + 12.4 Sudofloc A + 1919 Total polymer The R2 measure for the model is 0.617.

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Water treatment cost saving by separation of three rivers

An empirical approach was tried to develop a model that relates chemical cost per unit of treated water to raw water quality. Water quality parameters such as turbidity, pH, organic matter and color of raw water which are available and considered to influence coagulation process were included in regression equations. Costs/1000m3 for all the chemicals was related to the raw water turbidity with R2 of 0.197 as follows. Cost/1000m3 = 23.2 + 0.00464 Daily average turbidity

The R2 was not increased much more by including more parameters.

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Chemical cost reductions at the water treatment plants using raw water from WTC for water quality management alternatives (in US $)
Yearly chemical cost Alternatives Buaran WTP All the WTPs using WTC raw water Yearly chemical cost reduction by applying alternatives Buaran WTP All the WTPs using WTC raw water

Present
Bekasi siphon Bekasi & Cikarang siphon Bekasi & Cibeet siphon Bekasi, Cikarang & Cibeet siphon

4,402,139
4,340,099

13,686,650
13,493,763 62,040 192,886

4,302,515

13,376,911

99,624

309,739

4,287,070

13,328,889

115,069

357,760

4,202,042

13,064,529

200,097

622,120

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Conclusions
Water quality improvement in terms of turbidity and BOD in the downstream of WTC was evaluated with application of alternatives in siphon constructions. Then yearly savings in chemicals cost were derived applying chemical cost per unit of water treated estimated in the wide range of raw water turbidity at Buaran WTP. These savings in chemicals would be only part of cost savings in water treatment. Other savings in labor, electricity and maintenance from less use of chemicals and disposal of less sludge should be included for complete analysis. There is difficulty in assessing management alternatives by only limited general water quality parameters such as BOD and turbidity which come from organic pollution and sediment. Load assessment for industrial sources will be necessary in crossing river basins to know the possibility in release of harmful pollutants into the raw water to WTPs.

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