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Introduction to the course Explore the history and foundation of microbiology Dimensional Analysis
What is Microbiology?
Microbes, or microorganisms are minute living things that are usually unable to be viewed with the naked eye. What are some examples of microbes?
Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses are examples! Some are pathogenic Germ refers to a rapidly growing cell.
What is Microbiology?
Microbes:
Decompose organic waste Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis Produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol and acetone Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread
What is Microbiology?
What is Microbiology?
History of Microbiology
History of Microbiology
The first microbes were observed in 1673. In 1665, Robert Hooke (Englishman) reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells.
History of Microbiology
1673-1723, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions.
History of Microbiology
Many believed spontaneous generation: life can arise from non-living matter In 1668, the Italian physician Francesco Redi performed an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation.
History of Microbiology
Redi filled six jars with decaying meat. Conditions 3 jars covered with fine net 3 open jars Results No maggots
Maggots appeared
From where did the maggots come? What was the purpose of the sealed jars? Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
History of Microbiology
Rudolf Virchow (German) presented biogenesis: living cells can arise only from preexisting cells.
History of Microbiology
So now there are two hypotheses: The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter is called spontaneous generation. According to spontaneous generation, a vital force Forms life. The Alternative hypothesis, that the living organisms arise from preexisting life, is called biogenesis.
History of Microbiology
1861: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air. Conditions Results Nutrient broth placed Microbial growth in flask, heated, not sealed Nutrient broth placed No microbial growth in flask, heated, then sealed Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
History of Microbiology
Next experiment, Pasteurs S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in. These experiments form the basis of aseptic technique
History of Microbiology
History of Microbiology
Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation. Fermentation is the conversation of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine. Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food. Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid).
History of Microbiology
Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine. This application of a high heat for a short time is called pasteurization.
History of Microbiology
The Germ Theory of Disease 1835: Agostino Bassi showed a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus. 1865: Pasteur believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan. 1840s: Ignaz Semmelwise advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another.
History of Microbiology
The Germ Theory of Disease 1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections after looking at Pasteurs work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases.
History of Microbiology
The Germ Theory of Disease 1876: Robert Koch provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Kochs postulates, used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease. Koch was a physician and Pasteurs young rival
History of Microbiology
History of Microbiology
Koch's Postulates are a sequence of experimental steps to relate a specific microbe to a specific disease.
History of Microbiology
A young milkmaid informed the physician Edward Jenner that she could not get smallpox because she had already been sick from cowpox. 1796: Edward Jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus. The person was then protected from smallpox. Called vaccination from vacca for cow
History of Microbiology
What can you say about the cowpox and smallpox viruses?
History of Microbiology
Vaccinations
History of Microbiology
Chemotherapy treatment with chemicals Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics. Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes. Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria.
History of Microbiology
Chemotherapy treatment with chemicals 1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis. 1930s: Sulfonamides were synthesized.
History of Microbiology
1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic. He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus. 1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced.
Modern Developments
Bacteriology is the study of bacteria. Mycology is the study of fungi. Parasitology is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms. Recent advances in genomics, the study of an organisms genes, have provided new tools for classifying microorganisms.
Classification of Microbes
Taxonomy
Classification of Microbes
Taxonomy
Systematics or phylogeny The study of the evolutionary history of organisms All Species Inventory (2001-2025) To identify all species of life on Earth
Classification of Microbes
Class
Order Family Genus Species
Classification of Microbes
Taxonomic Hierarchy Domain Kingdom Phylum Binomal Nomenclature uses the Genus and Species name to identify each creature.
Class
Order Family Genus Species
Classification of Microbes
Name is in italics
Homo sapiens H. sapiens
Archaea
Methanogens Halophiles Hyperthermophiles
Classification of Microbes
Classification of Microbes
Eukaryotic species:
Viral species:
Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche
Classification of Microbes
Classification of Microbes
Euglena acus
Peridiniumis - a dinoflagellate
Bacteria were once classified as plants which gave rise to use of the term flora for microbes. This term has been replaced by microbiota. Microbes normally present in and on the human body are called normal microbiota.
Normal microbiota prevent growth of pathogens. Normal microbiota produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K.
When a pathogen overcomes the hosts resistance, disease results. Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID): New diseases and diseases increasing in incidence
species a collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly strain or variety a culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species (biovars, morphovars) type a subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup (serotype or serovar), susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type) and in pathogenicity (pathotype).
species a collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly strain or variety a culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species (biovars, morphovars) type a subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup (serotype or serovar), susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type) and in pathogenicity (pathotype).