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Definition The systematic use of ratios to interpret the financial statements so that the strengths and weaknesses of a firm, as well as its historical performance and current financial condition, can be determined. Three types of comparisons are generally involved: Trend analysis Inter-firm comparison Comparison with standards/industry average
S.No.
Ratio
Test for
Indication
Calculation
Profit Analysis
2. Expenses ratio
3. P.V. ratio
r/s b/w stocks of raw materials/ stores and average monthly consumption r/s b/w stocks of finished goods and sales per month Selling expenses to sales over a Period Profit per employee over a period
5. Selling expenses ratio Efficiency in selling Expenses 6. Profit per employee Efficiency of employee vis--vis profit
7. Debtors ratio
r/s b/w debtors and average daily credit sales r/s of profit before charging interest and income tax to total value of fixed and current assets less current liabilities r/s b/w dividend per share and earning per share
Debtors ______________ Average daily credit sales Profit before interest and depreciation ______________ Capital employed
9. Payout ratio
S.No.
Ratio
Test for How profitably share-holders funds are utilized to earn profits
Indicate r/s b/w shareholders funds and PAT and prefence dividend
Calculations Profit after tax and Preference dividend ________________ Equity share capital
Price-earnings ratio
Net Profit after Tax and Pref Dividend _______________ No of Equity shares Dividend per share _______________ Market price per share
Yield Ratio
r/s b/w dividend per share and market price per share
S. No
Ratio
Test for
Indicate
Calculations
r/s b/w total fixed and current assets and total liabilities not counting shareholders funds
Debt/Equity Ratio
Safety margin for r/s b/w total share holders funds to bankers and lending institutions total borrowings External Equities Internal Equities Efficiency in payments to creditors r/s b/w creditors and average daily credit purchases
Creditors Ratio
Classification of Ratios
Classification according to Accounting Statements
Balance Sheet Ratios Profit and Loss Account Ratios Combined Ratios or Inter-statement Ratios
Ratios
Basic components (3) Current Assets _______________ Current Liabilities Liquidity/Quick Assets ____________________ Current Liabilities Absolute Liquid Assets ____________________ Current Liabilities
2. Quick or Acid Test or Liquid Ratio (for immediate solvency 3. Absolute Liquid Ratio
Calculate the Current Ratio and Acid Test Ratio for the two years and comment on the liquidity position of the company
1.Calculate all significant ratios from the following Balance Sheet and P & L A/c of Aishwarya Ltd
Liabilities
Share capital 2500 shares (ord) @ Rs100 each 6% 500 preference shares @ Rs100 each Reserve funds 6% Debentures Sundry Creditors Bills Payable Provision for Tax Outstanding Expenses Total
Amount Assets
250000 Fixed Assets Investments (Current) 50000 Sundry Debtors Closing stock 200000 Cash 350000 30000 50000 65000 5000 1000000 Total
Amount
650000 75000 100000 150000 25000
_______ 1000000
Profit and Loss A/c for the year ending Dec 31, 2001
Amount Net Sales Less: Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) Gross Profit Less: Operating Expenses Office Selling and Distribution Gross Operating Profit Less: Depreciation Net Operating Profit Add: Other Income Less: Other expenses (Interest) Net Income before Tax Net Income after Tax (50%) Amount 1500000 1290000 210000 34000 11000
2.From the following details prepare Balance Sheet with as many details as possible Stock velocity 6 Capital Turnover Ratio 2 Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio 4 Gross Profit Ratio 20% Debtors velocity 2 months Creditors velocity 73 days
The Gross Profit Rs.60,000. Reserves and Surplus amounts to Rs.20,000. Closing Stock was Rs.5000 in excess of Opening Stock
Amount
Assets
Amount
75,000 42,500 50,000 51,500
150,000 Fixed Assets 20,000 Stock Debtors 49,000 Cash (Balancing fig)
219,000
219,000
3. The following information is given Current Ratio 2.5 Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio 2 times Liquidity Ratio 1.5 Average Debt collection period 2 months Net working capital Rs.300,000 Stock Turnover Ratio 6 times Fixed Assets :Share holders net worth 1:1 Gross Profit Ratio 20% Reserves :Share Capital 0.5:1 Draw up Balance Sheet from the above information
Balance Sheet
Liabilities
Share Capital Reserves Long-term debts Current Liabilities
Amount
Assets
Amount
750,000 300,000 200,000
500,000 Fixed Assets 250,000 Liquid Assets 300,000 Stock 200,000 1250,000
1250,000
4. The info relating to Cosmos Ltd is as given below: Gross Profit Ratio 15% Stock Velocity 6 months Debtors Velocity 3 months Creditors Velocity 3 months Gross profit for the year ending amounts to Rs60000 Closing stock is equal to opening stock Find out: Sales Closing Stock Sundry Debtors Sundry Creditors
5. From the following particulars extracted from the financial statement of Abhishek & Co., compute (a) Current Ratio (b) Liquid Ratio (c) Inventory Turnover Ratio (d) Debtors Turnover Ratio (e) Creditors Turnover Ratio
Particulars
Opening Stock Closing Stock Sales Provision for bad debts Sundry Creditors Loose tools Purchases Sales returns
Rupees
47,000 53,000 255,000 2,000 32,000 4,000 180,000 3,000
Particulars
Sundry Debtors Cash Bank Bills Receivable Provision for Taxation Bills Payable Marketable Securities
Rupees
42,000 10,000 8,000 15,000 15,000 29,000 8,000
Redraft the following financial statements for the purpose of analysis and then compute the following ratios:
Gross Profit Ratio Return on Capital Employed Operating Cost Ratio Net Profit Ratio Current Ratio Liquid Ratio Stock Turnover Ratio Operating Profit Ratio
Rupees Particulars
10,000 20,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 10,000 10,000 2,000 13,000 75,000 260,000 By Sales By Closing Stock Raw materials Finished goods By Profit on sale of shares
Rupees
200,000 30,000 20,000 10,000
260,000
Balance Sheet Liabilities Share Capital Equity Shares@10 Pref. Shares @ 10 Reserves Debentures Creditors Bills Payable Bank Overdraft Rupees Assets Fixed Assets Stock of Materials Raw material Finished Goods Book Debts Cash Rupees 50,000 30,000 20,000 20,000 15,000
135,000