Bio-degradability of textile materials.

BY SANKET P. VALIA

Conten Introduction ts
Types of bio-degradable Polymers Mechanism of degradation Requirement of polymer as bio degradable CHITOSAN BIO DEGRADABLE PET BAMBOO PLA Advantages & Need for bio degradability

Conclusion

Introduction
Conversion of complex molecules into simpler ones by action of micro-organism is known as biodegradation.

Hetero atom-containing polymer backbones confer biodegradability.

A polymer based on the C-C backbone tends to be non-biodegradable.

The most biodegradable fibres tend to be hydrophilic, and made up of short, flexible chains with low levels of crystallisation.
Biodegradability can be engineered into polymers by addition of chemical linkages such as anhydride, ester, or amide bonds, among others. Eg:- Bionelle

Life cycle of a biodegradable polymer.

NATURAL OCCURING BIO- DEGRADABLE POLYMERS Biodegradable polymers with hydrolysable chemical bonds are being researched extensively for biomedical, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and packaging applications.
HYDROLYZABLE UNIT NAME Peptide STRUCTURE -N-C|| || O O POLYMERS Collagen , fibrin , albumin , gelatin .

Hemiactel Ester

-O-

Starch , chitin .

-C-O|| O
O || -P-O|| O

Poly-2-hydroxybutyrate(PHB), Poly(malic acid).

Phosphate

RNA , DNA .

SYNTHETIC BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER

HYDROLYZABLE UNIT NAME STRUCTURE -C-OEster || -C-O-C|| || O O -O-C-O|| O -O OC -O OCN | -CH2 -C | COOR | -N=P|

POLYMERS Polylactides , polylactones , Aliphatic polyester.

Anhydride

Polyanhydride .

Carbonate

Polycarbonate .

Orthoester

Poly-orthoester

CarbonCarbon

Poly-1-cyanoacrylates

NitrogenPhosphrous

Polyphosphazene

Mechanisim of Bio-degradation

Biodegradation of fibres occurs when their constituent polymers are depolymerised. Usually by the action of enzymes secreted by microorganisms. Mechanism for degradation is by hydrolysis or enzymatic cleavage resulting in a scission of the polymer backbone.

Mechanism of degradation
Microorganisms can eat and, sometimes, digest polymers, and also initiate a mechanical, chemical, or enzymatic aging.

Requirements of a polymer as a Biodegradable material

PROPERITIES

DESCRIPITION

DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE Essential

No toxicity

Non pyrogenicity, non allergic non carcinogen

Sterilizability

Radiation, ethylene oxide gas, dry heating autoclave

Strength ,elasticity durability Bioinert , bioactive

Essential

Sufficient mechanical properties Biocompatibility

Essential

Desirable

Chitosan

Chitin is the second most abundant natural polymer in the world after cellulose. It is biocompatible, antibacterial and environmentally friendly and bio degradable. The main source for chitin is from edible crab and hermit crab, cockroaches, spiders etc.

Manufacturing of chitosan

Chitosan is produced commercially by deacetylation of chitin , which is the structural element in the exoskeleton of crustaceans (crabs, shrimp, etc.).

Properties

Tenacity-1.29gm/den Elongation-8.2-10.4% Chitosan is positively charged Soluble in acidic to neutral solution Chitosan a bioadhesive which readily binds to negatively charged surfaces such as mucosal membranes. Chitosan has great transport properties of polar drugs.

Application of chitosan.

Water treatment (filtration) Chromatography

Novel fibers for textiles

Agro-textile(plant growth enhancers) Biomedical (clotting blood, bandages etc.)

Microcapsule implants for controlled release in drug

Biodegradable PET

Bionelle is a thermoplastic aliphatic crystalline polyester. It was mfc. By Watanabe& Fujimaki. Produced through the chemical reaction of glycols with aliphatic dicarboxylic acids.

Demand for biodegradable polyesters is said to be growing by about 30%/yr.

Application in food packing industry.

Seedling bags based on biodegradable polyesters

Biodegradable polymers enhance the properties of fresh fruits.

Biodegradable films utilize for lawn & garden bags. Cling films made of biodegradable Co polyesters

Bamboo fiber

Is a regenerated cellulosic fiber, which is produced from raw material of bamboo pulp. The fastest growing plant on this planet. It grows almost one third faster than other trees(from 1feet 100feet). It does not require the use of pesticides. Ready to harvest within 4-5 years

Manufacturing of Bamboo fiber

Bamboo Thick Pulp Fine Pulp Bamboo Fiber Bamboo Yarn Bamboo fabric

Properties of bamboo fiber

Dry tensile strength- 2.33(CN/dtex)

Wet tensile strength- 1.37(CN/dtex)

Dry elongation at break- 23.8%

Oil content- 0.17(%) Moisture regain-13.03(%) Rate- grade A

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO FIBER

Bio-degradable. Natural anti-bacterial. Soft & silky. Breathable & cool to wear. More antistatic. Natural deodorising property. Good brightness as compaired to viscose. Comfortable feel & special luster.

Applications

Medical textiles(bandage ,mask, surgical clothes, nurses wear) Sanitary material (sanitary towel, gauze mask, absorbent pads, food packing). Apparels (men, women and kids wear)

PLA fiber

(PLA) is a linear aliphatic thermoplastic polyester derived from 100% renewable sources such as corn.

PLA fiber is derived from annually renewable Crops. It is 100% compostable and its life cycle potentially reduces the Earths carbon dioxide level.

Manufacturing of lactic acid

Production of PLA
Polymer is formed either by (1) direct condensation of lactic acid or (2) via the cyclic intermediate dimer (lactide), through a ring opening process.

Properties

Specific gravity-1.25gm/cc Melting Temperature-130-175C Tenacity- 6gm/d

Elastic recovery(5%strain)- 93%

Moisture regain - 0.4-0.6%

LOI 26%
UV resistance- excellent Refractive index-1.35-1.45

Applications

Apparels Home wear(pillows, duvets, blankets, mattress pads, carpet tiles, office panel fabrics) Nonwovens(carpet backing, hygiene, compostable geotextiles for soil erosion control) Industrial/household wipes(Feminine hygiene, facial cleansing, hemorrhoid treatment, Functional treatments antimicrobial, cleaners) Filtration and separation Medical applications(bone support splints, artificial human organs)

Application in agriculture

Mulch mat

woven, meshes which resist insect penetration

Bio Net Bags

Tape nets

BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS.

Artificial Heart Valves

Advantages

They are mfc. from renewable or recycled resources. Produces little or no waste throughout its life cycle. Long-lasting, durable and require little or no care.

Uses minimal energy and resources from growth to Manufacture.

They are reusable, recyclable or biodegradable.

Need for bio degradable textile materials.

Disposal is a problem. Reduces greenhouse gas emissions.(Global warming)

Consumer demand for environmentally sensitive Textiles.

Demand in the international marketplace.

Thank you for your kind attention.