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Working
Path SW
Path SW
Path SW
Path SW
Protection
Protection equivalent
Line SW (equivalent)
RX RX RX RX
Working Protection
TX
TX 1:N Protection Switch TX TX
Note : only one direction is shown.
Working 1 Working 2
RX
RX
Working N Protection
RX RX
TX
Working
RX
TX
Extra Traffic
Protection
RX
Normal Traffic
TX
Working
RX
TX
Note : only one direction is shown. Extra Traffic
RX
Protection
RX TX
Bidirectional Switch
TX Working RX TX Protection TX RX RX
RX
TX
Unidirectional Ring
Bidirectional Ring
The drawing shows the traffic routing under normal (no failure) condition.
Protection Line
normal
failure
Non-reverteve Switch
Working Line normal failure normal
Protection Line
normal
Traffic flow
failure
2.
3. 4. 4.
(SF)
FSW LKOW LKOP
Signal Failure
Forced Switch Lock Out of Working Lock Out of Protection
Note: Larger number has higher priority.
Working Line
normal
failure
normal
Protection Line
HOLD OFF time
normal
WTR time
Traffic flow
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Ring Architecture
East
Node C West
West
East
STM-N
Node B East Node A West
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2-fiber
2-fiber
Ring System
PPS Bidirectional Ring / Switch LPS 2-fiber 2F MS Shared Protection Ring (MS-SP ring)
(2F-BLSR)
2-fiber
4-fiber
LPS:Line Protection Switch (MS protection) PPS:Path Protection Switch (VC trail protection)
MS:Multiplex Section
12
13
14
15
TCP PPS
TCP PPS
Case 1
Path
Aggregate 1
Aggregate 2
TCP PPS
Tributary
CP PPS TCP
Case 2
Path SNC
Aggregate
Tributary 1 Tributary 2
CP TCP SNC
TCP
CP PPS
PPS
Case 3
SNC Path
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- Terrestrial Application -
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18
19
20
21
22
23
24
A- C
F A
on the same channel of the STM-N.
A-E
E-F
F A
on the same channel of the STM-N. A-E
no
no
A/D at C ? yes
A/D at C ? yes
no
B C
B C
working channel protection channel
no AU AIS
for individual AU at B and D
no TU AIS
for individual TU at A, E and F
AU AIS
TU AIS
A- C
C-F
misconnection
no misconnection
The ring-switch is applied after AU AIS insertion at B and D. For VC-12/3, AU AIS is inserted at B and D first, then it is stopped after TU AIS completion, in order to avoid short term misconnections.
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East
AU-4 #m
AU-4
VC-3/VC-12 in AU-4
AU-4 #n
VC-3/VC-12 Add/Drop VC-3/VC-12 all through
AU-4 #m
AU-4 #m ( ) j
AU-4 #m (k)
AU-4 Path
AU-4 #n
AU-4 #n East ?3 ?4
Squelch Table
AU-4 #m AU-4 #n
AU-4 #m AU-4 #n
AU-4 #m AU-4 #n
AU-4 through node : The node where VC-4 cross connect level is applied to the AU-4. AU-4 termination node :The node where VC-3/VC-12 cross connect level is applied to the AU-4 in question, regardless cross connections, either all through or several add/drop connections.
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- Transoceanic Application -
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28
29
Secondary node
Secondary node
No. 1 Ring
Primary node Primary node
No. 2 Ring
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A Primary node
G
SS SS
protection
A Primary node
31
G
SS SS
A Primary node
32
B Secondary node
protection
G
SS
working
A
SS
G
SS
working
SS transfer
A Primary node
Primary node
33
G
SS
working
SS transfer
A Primary node
34
35
Secondary node
SNCP ring
PPS
36
SS
37
Review Questions
Fill up the space enclosed in parentheses in the following sentence with correct words. 1. For the 1+1 line system, only the failure line is transferred to the protection line, this transfer is called ( a ). Even if failure is only on one direction, both lines are transferred to the protection lines. This transfer is called ( b ). 2. For the 1+1 linear system, the protection line can be used to transport an ( a ) traffic. This system is called ( b ) ( c ) access system. 3. For the APS of the ring, the maximum number of nodes on a ring is ( a ). The node number start from ( b ) to ( c ). The number assignment is not necessarily in ( d ). 4. For linear APS, there are various switching priority, the top of the list of switch preemption priority is ( a ). 5. Both line and path switched rings can be implemented by either as a ( a )directional ring, or as a ( b )-directional ring. 6. What stands for ILR( a ) ( b )( c )?
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