Architecture

Architecture the art of sheltering, or the design of 3-dimensional space to create practical enclosure.

Architecture includes residences houses of worship commercial buildings other: bridges, walls, monuments, etc.

Ten Fundamental Elements of Architecture

1. Structure the means by which a building supports itself, its roof, its walls, and its floors.

post-and-lintel structures Horizontal beams (lintels) are supported by vertical posts. These structures were made of stone.

Stonehenge - Great Buildings Stonehenge - Dr. Witcombe's Website Stonehenge - UK Homepage

the Parthenon - Great Buildings the Parthenon - Reed College the Parthenon - Sacred Destinations the Parthenon - ancient-greece.org the Parthenon Wikipedia Parthenon (Nashville) Wikipedia Nashville's Parthenon Website

tensile strength the capacity of a material to resist or withstand bending forces

compressive strength the ability of a material to support weight and resist or withstand crushing

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In modern architecture, concrete and steel are often combined to gain the benefits of each material, the compressive strength of the concrete and the tensile strength of the steel.

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column a cylindrical post or support which has 3 distinct parts: base, shaft, and capital

capital the transition between the top of a column and the lintel
fluting vertical ridges cut into the column

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Doric

Ionic

Corinthian

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prototype a model on which something else is based

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Arches were developed by the ancient Romans. They can define large spaces. Stresses are transferred outward from its center, the keystone, to its legs. Arches do not depend upon the tensile strength of the material.
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Arch of the General Staff Building in Palace Square, St Petersburg, Russia.

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buttress a projecting structure, generally of stone, built against a wall to support it flying buttress a semidetached buttress connected by stone arms to the wall it is supporting

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arcade several arches placed side by side

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tunnel vault

groin vault

Vaults are the extension of arches to create enclosed spaces.

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rib vaulting protruding masonry at the diagonal junctures of a vault

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Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris - Great Buildings Website of the Cathedral of Notre Dame Notre Dame de Paris - Elore

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Some Structural Aspects of the Gothic Cathedral:

use of the pointed or lancet or Gothic arch creation of vaults (tunnel vaults & groin vaults) rib vaulting at the top of vaults buttresses and flying buttresses to provide additional support pinnacles on top of the buttresses to provide additional weight

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Some Social Aspects of the Gothic Cathedral:

They were built as an expression of Christian faith and for the purpose of worship. They drew pilgrims to visit, resulting in trade, and increased prosperity for the town merchants. They increased the political importance of the bishop and the town in the eyes of the king. Their construction was often funded in part through taxation of the peasants, who often in turn needed to borrow money from the town 24 merchants.

Some Symbolic Aspects of the Gothic Cathedral: a floor plan in the shape of a cross strong vertical line symbolic of mans upward striving toward God grand scale symbolic of Gods majesty and power beautiful colored light symbolic of Gods presence mystical numbers: 3 (for persons in the Holy Trinity), 4 (New Testament Gospel accounts of the life of Jesus), and 7 (the perfection of God)
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Dome of St Peter's Basilica (topped with a lantern), The Vatican

Domes are structures containing arches whose legs form a circle.

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St. Peters Basilica, The Vatican - Great Buildings St. Peter's Basilica Website

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Dome with pendentives

Pendentive in the Hagia Sophia

pendentives triangular transitional structures between the base of a dome and the arches beneath it

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Hagia Sophia - Great Buildings

Hagia Sophia - About.com

Hagia Sophia Website Suite 101 - How Hagia Sophia Was Built

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cantilever a structure such as an overhanging roof or beam that is supported only on one end
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Zarzuela Race Track, Madrid Cantilever Wikipedia Miami Marine Stadium

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Bearing Wall Structures use the walls to support the roof, floors, and themselves. Examples are concrete block structures, common in South Florida, and log cabins. Bearing Wall Structures Wikipedia

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Log Cabins - about.com Log Cabins Wikipedia All Log Homes Log Cabin Mansions - American Log

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Skeleton Frame Structures use a framework to support the building. Examples are SteelCage Construction that uses a framework of steel beams, and Balloon Construction that uses a framework of wooden beams.

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The Worlds Tallest Buildings

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2. Building Materials

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3. Line

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4. Repetition

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5. Balance

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6. Scale the relationship of the size of a building to the human form.

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7. Proportion the relationship of individual elements to each other in a design.

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8. Context the environment or surroundings of a design.

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9. Space

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10. Climate Concerns Safety, Comfort, and Energy Efficiency

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faade an exterior side of a building that projects a different aesthetic character than the underlying structure

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pediment a triangular window casing

portico a porchlike structure with a roof supported by columns

eclecticism the combining together of elements from more than one style, or the mixing together of styles

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Louis Sullivans phrase Form Follows Function means that in designing architecture, one should first consider the uses or functions of the parts of the building and design spaces that will properly provide for them. Then design a structure or form that will provide those spaces.

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Organic architecture is a term associated with the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959). It means designing as nature builds, or designing buildings that are in aesthetic harmony with their natural surroundings.

Frank Lloyd Wright - Essay on Organic Architecture

Organic Architecture Wikipedia Frank Lloyd Wright - Boston College
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The Romanesque (1000-1150 A.D.) architectural style of the early medieval period or early Middle Ages featured rounded arches, thick walls and pillars, and small windows. Romanesque Architecture Wikipedia Romanesque Architecture - historylink101 Ancient Spanish Monastery - North Miami Beach
Romanesque and Gothic Architecture - Columbia University

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The Gothic (1150-1400 A.D.) architectural style featured the pointed arch and is best illustrated by the Gothic cathedral.

Elore Gothic Resources Gothic Architecture Wikipedia about.com - Gothic Architecture

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The Renaissance (1400-1600 A.D.) style of architecture featured a revival of Classic Roman style that included copying the size and proportions of Roman ruins, the addition of decorative detail to the faades of buildings, and a development of external designs that concealed the underlying structures. Renaissance Architecture Wikipedia
about.com - Renaissance Architecture Renaissance Architecture - Columbia University
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The Baroque (1600-1750 A.D.) style of architecture was characterized by grandeur, decorative detail, and ostentatious display of wealth. A prime example is the Palace at Versailles. Baroque Architecture - Columbia University Baroque Architecture - Wikipedia

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The Neoclassical (1750-1825 A.D.) style of architecture featured an ongoing influence from archaeological discoveries (especially the ancient Greeks) and incorporated elements of those ancient styles, displayed an eclectic approach by combining elements from various styles, and expressed an attitude of modernism (that artistic design could uniquely express itself anew in the modern era).

about.com - Neoclassical Architecture Neoclassical Architecture - Wikipedia

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The Romantic (1825-1900 A.D.) style of architecture borrowed greatly from other historic styles, including the Gothic and Oriental styles. Exterior walls tended to function as a screen, disguising the structure, interior design and usage of a building. There were frequently strong contrasts of forms and asymmetrical balance. Experimentation and the use of new materials also characterized the period. 19th-Century Architecture - Columbia University
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The International (1900 - ) style of architecture dominates the skylines of most of the worlds cities today. It is seen in the glass-and-steel box forms of modern skyscrapers. Modern Architecture - Columbia University About.com - Picture Dictionary of Modern Architecture Movements

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Building #1 Great Pyramid of Cheops - Great Buildings about.com - architecture history Guardian's Giza - The Great Pyramid Great Pyramid - Wikipedia

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Building #2 Stonehenge - Great Buildings Stonehenge - Dr. Witcombe's Website Stonehenge - UK Homepage

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Building #3 the Parthenon - Great Buildings the Parthenon - Reed College the Parthenon - Sacred Destinations the Parthenon - ancient-greece.org the Parthenon Wikipedia Parthenon (Nashville) Wikipedia Nashville's Parthenon Website
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Building #4 the Pantheon - Great Buildings Pantheon Wikipedia Paris Panthon of the 18th century

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Building #5 St. Pauls Cathedral, London - Great Buildings

about.com - Sir Christopher Wren St. Paul's Cathedral Wikipedia St. Paul's Website

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Building #6 the Palace of Versailles - Great Buildings

Versailles Website How Stuff Works Versailles Versailles - Wikipedia

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Building #7 Monticello - Great Buildings Monticello Website Monticello - Wikipedia

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Building #8 Geodesic Dome Buckminster Fuller Institute

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Building #9
Byodo-in, Uji, Kyoto prefecture, Japan Wikipedia Byodo-in: The Modern Hawaiian Copy

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Building #10 Guggenheim Museum - Great Buildings Guggenheim Website Guggenheim Museum NYC - Wikipedia

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Building #11 Pompidou Center - Great Buildings Pompidou Centre Website Pompidou Centre - Boston College

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Building #12 Burj Khalifa BurjDubaiSkyscraper.com BurjKhalifa.ae Burj Khalifa - Wikipedia

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Building #13 Fallingwater - Great Buildings Fallingwater - Official Website Fallingwater - Wikipedia

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Building #14 U.S. Capitol - Great Buildings U.S. Capitol - Website U.S. Capitol - Wikipedia

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Building #15 Walt Disney Concert Hall Wikipedia Disney Concert Hall - Arcspace.com Disney Hall Architecture Brochure Disney Hall Gardens Brochure

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Sears Tower - Great Buildings Sears Tower (Willis Tower) Website Willis Tower - Wikipedia Sears Tower Name Change

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Petronas Twin Towers - Great Buildings Petronas Twin Towers Website Petronas Twin Towers - Wikipedia

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Westminster Palace or Houses of Parliament, London - Great Buildings

Parliament Website Palace of Westminster - Wikipedia

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TWA Terminal, Kennedy Airport, New York - Great Buildings

TWA Terminal - JFK - NYC Architecture TWA Terminal - Wikipedia

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Notre-Dame-du-Haut - Great Buildings Notre-Dame-du-Haut Galinsky Notre-Dame-du-Haut - Wikipedia

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Villa Savoye - Great Buildings Villa Savoye - Bluffton College Villa Savoye - Visitor Website Villa Savoye - Boston College Villa Savoye - Wikipedia

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The White House - Great Buildings The White House - Photo Tour The White House Historical Association The White House - Wikipedia

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Casa Batllo - Great Buildings Casa Batllo - Official Website Casa Batllo - Wikipedia

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Taj Mahal - Great Buildings Taj Mahal - Virtual Tour Taj Mahal - Wikipedia

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Sagrada Familia - Great Buildings Sagrada Familia - Official Website Sagrada Familia - Wikipedia

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Marin County Civic Center - Great Buildings Marin County Civic Center - Official Website Marin County Civic Center - Wikipedia

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Hampton Court Palace Wikipedia

Hampton Court Palace - Official Website

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Buckingham Palace Wikipedia Buckingham Palace Official Website The Royal Collection

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U.S. Supreme Court Building - Great Buildings U.S. Supreme Court Building Wikipedia U.S. Supreme Court Virtual Tour

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A Few Miami Architectural Landmarks

Villa Vizcaya Wikipedia Villa Vizcaya - Official Website

Ancient Spanish Monastery - North Miami Beach - Official Website Freedom Tower - Wikipedia

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MDC's Concrete Architecture Take a look at this website put together by MDC Professor Jos Vazquez.

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World's Most Bizarre Buildings Check these out. You wont believe some of these unusual architectural works.

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