EVOLUTION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

Presented ByMohammad Rameez

What is Nanotechnology
www.purdue.edu www.phys.psu.edu www.nasa.gov

An engineered DNA strand

pRNA tiny motor

Semiconducting metal junction formed by two carbon nanotubes

Nanotechnology is the creation of functional materials, devices and systems, through the understanding and control of matter at dimensions in the nanometer scale length (1-100 nm), where new functionalities and properties of matter are observed and harnessed for a broad range of applications

INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH REQUIRED

Engineering

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Bioscience

Physical Sciences

Applications

Graphing History
No, it is a series of steps.

Steam Power

Change

Printing Press Written Language Spoken Language (Prehistory)

Time

The Next Big Step

Nanotechnology Computers Automobiles Railways Steam Engines (Middle Ages)

Time

Industrial Revolutions
First Revolution
(17801840)

Based in United Kingdom Steam Engine Textile Industry Mechanical Engineering

Industrial Revolutions
Second Revolution
(18401900)

Based in Europe England, France, Germany Railways Steel Industry

Industrial Revolutions
Third Revolution
(19001950)

Based in United States Electric Engine Heavy Chemicals Automobiles Consumer Durables

Industrial Revolutions
Fourth Revolution
(1950Present)

Based in Pacific Basin California, Japan Synthetics Organic Chemicals (Oil) Computers

The Next Industrial Revolution

Fifth Revolution
(2010? ??)

Based in Developing World? China? India? Brazil? Nanotechnology Molecular Manufacturing

History of Nanotechnology First Example

The Lycurgus Cup is a Roman artifact from before 640 AD.

It is dichroic, changing colour when illuminated from the inside. This effect is caused by gold and silver nanoparticles, and was likely produced by accident.
12

History of Nanotechnology- Maya Blue

A corrosion resistant azure pigment known as Maya Blue, first produced in AD800, was discovered in the pre-columbian Mayan city of Chichen Itza. It is complex material containing clay with nanopores into which indigo dye was combined chemically to create an environmentally-stable pigment.

History of Nanotechnology-Damascus steel swords

Damascus steel swords from the Middle East were made between AD300 and AD1700 and are known for their impressive strength, shatter resistance and exceptionally sharp cutting edge. The steel blades contain oriented nanoscale wire-and-tube-like structures, which almost certainly enhanced the material's properties.

History of Nanotechnology Stained Glass

As early as 500 AD, glass artisans were making stained glass windows with vibrant reds and yellows. These colours were much more luminous and durable than dyes could produce. They were the products of coinage metal nanoparticles imbedded in the glass.

15

History of Nanotechnology Coinage Metals

As these nanoparticles get smaller, the colours shift from red, through yellow and green, to blue. Here is an example of a copper nanocrystal that is roughly 100 nm across.

16

History of Nanotechnology Photography

In 1827, Joeph Nipse was able to stabilise silver halide nanocrystals in a gelatin that hardened with exposure to light. The silver halides decomposed to silver metal, producing black. The crystal grains were too small to be discerned, and so black-and-white photography gave excellently resolved photos.

History of Nanotechnology - Colloids

Nanoparticles stay in solution, leading to one of the most enduring images of nanotechnology: The rainbow array of solutions made by the suspension of a variety of sizes of nanoparticles.
18

This was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1857.

NANOTECH HISTORY
The first mention of some of the distinguishing concepts in nanotechnology was in 1867 by JAMES CLERK MAXWELL when he proposed as a thought experiment a tiny entity known as MAXWELLS DEMON able to handle individual molecules.

FROM OBSERVATIONS and MEASUREMENT!

The first observations and size measurements of nanoparticles was made during the first decade of the 20th century. They are mostly associated with Richard Adolf Zsigmondy who made a detailed study of gold sols and other nonmaterial with sizes down to 10 nm and less.

Richard Adolf Zsigmondy

He published a book in 1914. He used ultra microscope that employs the dark field method for seeing particles with sizes much less than light wavelength. Zsigmondy was also the first who used nanometer explicitly for characterizing particle size. He determined it as 1/1,000,000 of millimeter. He developed the first system classification based on particle size in the nanometer range.

THE MONOLAYER
Irving Langmuir and Katharine B. Blodgett introduced the concept of a monolayer, a layer of material one molecule thick. Langmuir won a Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work. In the early 1950s, Derjaguin and Abrikosova conducted the first measurement of surface forces

theres plenty of room at the Bottom!

Richard Feynman :- Dec 29 1959
He said that it is possible to make machines at a nano scale that arrange the atoms the way we want.

This lecture was the birth of the idea and study of nanotechnology.

Overview
Important time periods Feynman to mid-80's 1986 to 2007 2008 to 2022 2022 to 2029 Important technologies Nanoscale technologies Molecular manufacturing Other significant technologies

History of NANO
1959 Feynman gives after-dinner talk describing molecular machines building with atomic precision 1974 Taniguchi uses term "nano-technology" in paper on ion-sputter machining 1977 Drexler originates molecular nanotechnology concepts at MIT 1981 First technical paper on molecular engineering to build with atomic precision STM invented 1985 Bucky ball discovered 1986 First book published AFM invented First organization formed

History of NANO
1987 First protein engineered First university symposium 1988 First university course 1989 IBM logo spelled in individual atoms First national conference 1990 First nanotechnology journal Japan's STA begins funding nanotech projects 1991 Japan''s MITI announces bottom-up "atom factory" IBM endorses bottom-up path Japan's MITI commits $200 million Carbon nanotube discovered

History of NANO
1992 First textbook published First Congressional testimony 1993 First Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for modeling a hydrogen abstraction tool useful in nanotechnology First coverage of nanotech from White House "Engines of Creation" book given to Rice administration, stimulating first university nanotech center 1994 Nanosystems textbook used in first university course US Science Advisor advocates nanotechnology 1995 First think tank report First industry analysis of military applications Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for synthesis of complex three-dimensional structures with DNA molecules

History of NANO
1996 $250,000 Feynman Grand Prize announced First European conference NASA begins work in computational nanotech First nanobio conference 1997 First company founded: Zyvex First design of nanorobotic system Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for work in computational nanotechnology and using scanning probe microscopes to manipulate molecules 1998 First NSF forum, held in conjunction with Foresight Conference First DNA-based nanomechanical device Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for computational modeling of molecular tools for atomically-precise chemical reactions and for building molecular structures through the use of self-organization

History of NANO
1999 First Nanomedicine book published First safety guidelines Congressional hearings on proposed National Nanotechnology Initiative Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for development of carbon nanotubes for potential computing device applications and for modeling the operation of molecular machine designs 2000 President Clinton announces U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative First state research initiative: $100 million in California Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for computational materials science for nanostructures and for building a molecular switch 2001 First report on nanotech industry U.S. announces first center for military applications Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for theory of nanometer-scale electronic devices and for synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes and nanowires

History of NANO
2002 First nanotech industry conference Regional nanotech efforts multiply Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for using DNA to enable the selfassembly of new structures and for advancing our ability to model molecular machine systems 2003 Congressional hearings on societal implications Call for balancing NNI research portfolio Drexler/Smalley debate is published in Chemical & Engineering News Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for modeling the molecular and electronic structures of new materials and for integrating single molecule biological motors with nano-scale silicon devices 2004 First policy conference on advanced nanotech First centre for nanomechanical systems Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for designing stable protein structures and for constructing a novel enzyme with an altered function

History of NANO
2005 At Nano ethics meeting, Roco announces nanomachine/nanosystem project count has reached 300 Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for for designing a wide variety of single molecular functional nanomachines and for synthesizing macromolecules of intermediate sizes with designed shapes and functions 2006 National Academies nanotechnology report calls for experimentation toward molecular manufacturing Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for work in molecular computation and algorithmic self-assembly, and for producing complex two-dimensional arrays of DNA nanostructures 2007 Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for construction of molecular machine systems that function in the realm of Brownian motion, and molecular machines based upon two-state mechanically interlocked compounds

History of NANO
2008 Technology Roadmap for Productive Nanosystems released Protein catalysts designed for non-natural chemical reactions Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for work in molecular electronics and the synthesis of molecular motors and nanocars, and for theoretical contributions to nanofabrication and sensing 2009 An improved walking DNA nanorobot Structural DNA nanotechnology arrays devices to capture molecular building blocks Design 'from scratch' of a small protein that performed the function performed by natural globin proteins Organizing functional components on addressable DNA scaffolds Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for experimental demonstrations of mechanosynthesis using AFM to manipulate single atoms, and for computational analysis of molecular tools to build complex molecular structures 2010 DNA-based 'robotic' assembly begins Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded for work in single atom manipulations and atomic switches, and for development of quantum mechanical methods for theoretical predictions of molecules and solids 2011 First programmable nanowire circuits for nanoprocessors DNA molecular robots learn to walk in any direction along a branched track Mechanical manipulation of silicon dimers on a silicon surface

Recent tech advances

Oyabu: Pick and place silicon atoms Schafmeister: rigid biopolymer Rothemund: DNA staples Freitas, Merkle, Drexler, Allis: mechanosynthesis studies Seeman: DNA building DNA

2012-2015
Nanoscale tech continues
Better computers Medicine(!) Materials Sensors

Molecular manufacturing continues

More scanning probe chemistry Better designs More mainstream acceptance

2016-2022
Diamond fabrication by SPM Push for a nanofactory (may happen earlier) Nanoscale science matures Nanoscale tech keeps growing, needs better manufacturing Recognition of MM implications??

2023-2029
General-purpose nanotech manufacturing accelerates other technologies
Medicine Brain/machine interface Spaceflight Computers/networks/sensors Planet-scale engineering(?)

Four Generations

Current research

Rotaxane,molecular switch

DNA switch This device transfers energy from nano-thin layers of quantum wells to nanocrystals above them, causing the nanocrystals to emit visible light.
Nanomaterials

Real Nanomotors
machine-like nanoscale behaviour

A tiny blade of gold attached to a carbon nanotube, and an electrical current allows it to spin.
39

Nature 2003 424, 408.

Future Directions - Solar Panels

Newer solar panels now incorporate nanocrystalline silicon. This increases efficiency by bouncing the light around.
Upcoming solar cells incorporate nanostructures (rods, ribbons, particles) of different materials to increase the efficiency of these cells.

40

Future Directions - DNA as a Nanomaterial

Uncoiled DNA strands are centimetres long, and are like polymers. They can be modified to cross-link in such a way to define shapes.

These impressive images are 165 nm by 165 nm.

41

Nature 2006, 440(16), 297.

Singularly Impressive

42

Nature 2006, 440(16), 297.

Future Directions - Nanophotonic Sensors

Mines and other enclosed environments could use fibre optic sensors to detect pollutants. An ultrathin layer of metal (typically a coinage metal) will allow specific polutants to adhere to the surface, but light could still see through to detect them. This would allow real-time, onperson environmental monitoring.
43

A demonstration on the molecular level

A nano-motor manipulated by two laser beams

The Future with Nanotechnology

Left: A nano-gear Right: A nano-universal-joint

The Future with Nanotechnology

Above: A nano-bearing
Right: A nano-factory

It is the revolution of endless possibilities