*ELECTRICAL SAFETY

BY M.MUHAMMEDRAFI,AE

*The

process methods ,system and other arrangement necessary to prevent damages to live equipment and other assets are called safety

*1956 IE Rule *2003 IE Act

*Good

conductor,permits electric current from live part to earth

*Resistance
* 100000 ohms-in dry condition * 5000 ohms-in sweating condition * 1000 ohms- in drenched condition * 500 ohms in between hand to hand * 100 ohms in between ear to ear

Electric nature of human body

* Act as a capacitor-300 micro Farad is due to
the composure electrolytic material can store charge

* Internal electric field of 25mV- Has internal

ele.field due to electrolytic process of cells
feeble biochemical electric pulse signal

* Nerve cell fire at a voltage of 50-100mv

* Sudden stimulation of the nervous system due

to flow of external current causes electric shock

* Contraction of muscles * Loss of signal between the brain and the heart
and lung result in

* Stoppage of breathing process * Erratic, irregular and rapid operation of heart,

causes heart muscles do not respond

* Stoppage of blood pumping

Effect of magnitude of shock Sl.no 1 2 Value of current Below 10mA 10mA-15mA Effect Mild sensation but not painful Painful shock but muscles still in control Muscle contractionbreathing effected

15mA-20mA

Sl.no 4

Value of current 20mA-40mA

Effect
Muscle contractionbreathing effected

5
6

40mA-80mA
Above100mA

Rapid un coordinated series of contraction of heart beat Muscular contraction, severe burns, stoppage of heart,-death

* * * *

Safety of

people and living thing Material and premises Device and machinery Equipment& circuitry

*Experience * Human
*

knowledge *Expectation

* Un expected or unforeseen occurrence and

course of employment of a person resulting in an injury/damage to the person/equipments electrocution earthing

* Majority of electrical accidents are

* Main cause of electrocution is improper

*Accident-any thing that happens by chance

* Unexpected event-winning lottery

without apparent cause unfortunate incident- car clash

*Incident- is a single distinct event or

occurrence Ex. Riot

*All accidents are incidents

*Accident and
incident

*Occurs rarely *But destroy every

thing

*Accident

* Accident / Incident

* Incident

could be well planned, properly efficiently monitored, and

programmed,

effectively regulated.

Accident could not be regulated at the

moment. It is an assorted size.

Accident begins, where safety ends

*
*

Direct causes
Un safe Act- Violation

from the commonly accepted procedure is called un safe act * Operating without authority * Failure to ensure safety * By passing safety devices * Use of un safe tools * Taking unsafe procedure * Working on moving machinery/equipment

*Un safe

Act-

*Negative attitude of field

staff *Negative attitude of public

Direct causes

*Un safe condition

*Non standard construction
work

*Improper or no
maintenance

Direct causes

*Un safe condition

* * * * *
un guarded machine defective machine Unsafe design/construction Poor house keeping lack of proper tools

Direct causes

*Lack of knowledge &

skill *Incorrect knowledge *Incomplete knowledge *Un skilled/low degree of skill *Misunderstanding job instructions

INDIRECT

* Improper physiological/Anatomical
characteristics

* Poor eye sight * Hard of hearing * Over age * Illness * Allergic

NDIRECT

*Improper Psychological
characteristics
* Over confident * Absent minded * Lazy * Fearful * Nervous * Egoistical

*
*
Primary kinds

1. 2. 3. 4.

Major / Minor Departmental / Non Departmental Fatal / Non Fatal Electrical / Mechanical

*
Subtypes in electrical accidents

A.

Direct contact with live wire due to

1.Snapped conductor

1. Neutral cut 2. Insulation failure

B.
Leakage of electricity

1. Due to improper earthling 2. Punctured insulation

*
C.
Fire hazards due to

1. Arc formation 2. Flashover from live to earth

Secondary kinds

1. 2. 3.

Human / Animals Road accident Vehicle accident

Accidents reduce efficiency and effectiveness

*
*
First Leg ( SAFETY APPLIANCES - SA)

1. 2. 3.

BELT ROPE GLOVES EARTH RODS

(BR) (G) (ER)

Second Leg (SAFETY RULES SR )

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

AWARENESS CONFIRMATION DISCHARGING EARTHING

(A) (C) (D) (E)

BREAK THE SUPPLY (B)

*
*
Third Leg ( WORK PERMIT - PW)

Line Clear (LC) ( i.e.. Work permit)

Fourth Leg ( PROPER SUPERVISION - PS)

* *

Proper Supervision (PS) (To ensure and maintain safe working atmosphere in the sites)

Practice safety at all times

*
SA
(A) Not using safety appliances

a. Due to not issued.

b. Due to negligence.(BR / G / ER)
(B) Using of non standard safety appliances

a. Adopting non standard practice b. Using non standard / Defective SA.

*
SR
* Non observance of the Safety Rules.
existing networks without
1. Proper isolation (B) 2. Discharging (D) Working on

3. Earthing (E)

*
PW
Working in the existing lines without work permit or line clear) proper

PS
Working without proper supervision(i.e. coordinating agency) or With ineffective supervision

Little care makes mishaps rare

*
1. Over confidence, negligence, irresponsibility,
ego centered.

2. Absent minded, worries, depression fatigue and

under involvement.

3. Improper attention, defective vision, lethargy. 4. Wrong assumption. 5. Wrong speed. 6. Joking and mocking each other in work spot.
Dont take unnecessary risk with low voltage

*
Public related factors;

* Ignorance and inexperience. * Over enthusiasm. * Under estimation. * Selfish.

The price of greatness is responsibility

* All injury whether minor or major result in

financial loss to the organisation,in addition to irreparable loss to family

* Direct cost * Indirect cost

*Direct cost
* cost

of medical treatment

*Compensation for loss of

earning capacity/permanent disability

*Indirect cost
* Production loss

* Transportation charges * Time loss by co workers * idle time for machine * Damage to equipment * Loss of morale of workers in unit * Loss of time of supervisory personnel in
submitting report

*Indirect cost *Loss of efficiency of injured

person after reporting for duty *Legal/court expenditure *Business interruption/failure to meet schedule *Penalties imposed by statutory authorities

*
year 1 2 a 3 4 5 6 unaut horiz ed work 7 Any other reaso n total

98-99

3541 30.85 %
3141 28.61% 2434 27.14%

1372 11.95 %
1532 13.96 %
1538 17.15 %

1610 14%
1543 14%
1461 16.29 %

615 2137 5.36% 18.61 %

613 1704 5.58% 15.52 %
672 7.49% 1198 13.36 %

784 1418 6.83% 12.35 %

801 7.3%
675 7.52%

11477

99-00

1643 14.96 %
988 11%

10977

02-03

8966

1.cond.snapping 2.accidental contact 3.violation of SR 4.defective tool 5.lack of maintenance

* All works should be carried out with work

permit and supervision of concerned * Disconnection and isolation * Issue of notice and locking * Identifying possible hazards and verifying safety equipments available * Discharging * Shorting and temporary earthing

*.

* Plan the work to be carried out-sub engineer * AEs and SE should periodically inspect all

protective equipment safety device and tools * Explain the work how it should be done with others * Ask if you dont know * Do not answer if you dont know * Use proper tools

* Procure all spare materials before starting the

work * Carry only the required tools when working above the structure or tower * Use safety belt while working over the structure * Do not hook up or tie-up the belt on the moving parts or any other equipments

* Employee should be mentally alert, should

concentrate on the work and should not attempt to perform hazardous work when extremely tired * Working dress consist of long pant or shirt suitable for the job should be worn. * Broken light bulbs, glass, metal and scrap and other sharp objects only dumped in its space and disposed off safely

* Place yourself in a safe and secure position to

avoid slipping * In the event of near approach of lightning storm, all out door work on electrical work should be stopped * Loose clothes should not be worn * Do not wear shoes with nailed soles. Shoes should be preferably rubber sole

* After completing the work all materials

including tools, nuts and bolts waste material should be removed completed

* Confirm all the work scheduled has been

* remove temporary earthing and shorting * Return the permit

* While working on EHT/HT Line ,it should be

confirmed that there will be no chances of back feeding * At areas, where EHT/HT/LT line crossing under /over each other both the line should be switched off and earthed * All AB switches/isolators should be kept under lock and key either in open or in close condition

* Power transformer * CB of both primary, secondary, and isolator

should be opened,HT and LT side effectively discharged and earthed work is to be carried out, remove secondary fuse to avoid back feeding from a volt meter plug or other LV source

* If PT stands connected in a circuit on which

*CT

* The secondary of Ct should never open

circuited * When any instrument connected on to a secondary circuit has to be renewed, secondary ckt shall be temporarily short circuited at a place before the work * The primary side of CT should not be touched unless the transformers are completely disconnected

*PT
* While connecting or disconnecting instruments
from any PT circuit, fuses should be removed be shorted

* The secondary circuit of potential should never

*PT
* The secondary of PT should be earthed at one
point only

* The primary parts of PT should not be

approached unless they are completely disconnected or earthed

*CB

* Disconnect the isolator on both sides before

commencing the work * For the transformer CB secondary side CB also should be de energized and isolated * The operating spring will be under tension in both open and close position extreme care should be taken for spring adjustments

*CB
* All repair works on breaker truck should be at
rack out position with isolating the control supply

* Remove control circuit fuses and block relay

tripping mechanical blocking of mechanism may be done when necessary

*CB *Proper adapter should be

used while top-up SF6 gas *AC/DC supply should be isolated while testing Gas/Air leak

*Isolators

* The handle of isolator lever should be effectively

earthed so as to fully protect the person * The hinges of isolator should always be maintained sufficiently stiff. * The isolator should always be kept closed whether it is in the closed position or open position * The isolator should be firmly closed in a single unhesitating motion Care should be taken in opening switches to avoid causing serious arcing

*LA

* LA should never be touched, unless they are

completely disconnected * For larger types of LA should be provided with screen or fence and it will be earthed * LA should be provided with independent earth .The ground wires of the LA may develops dangerous potential

*Feeder panel
* When the work is to be carried out on the bus
bar spout make sure that the section of the bus bar is dead and isolated from all points of supply. worked

* Earthing truck may be used for the panel to be

*Battery

* While preparing electrolite,always add acid

to water and not water to acid. * While tightening the terminals , care should be taken to avoid shorting of terminals * Use proper glove and other protective device may be used while handling acid * DC earth leakage testing shall be done regularly

*Capacitor Bank
* Before touching the capacitor bank ,discharge
it/unit, individually short circuit the installation and earth the capacitor care should be taken that there may be voltage due to damaged discharge resistor, even though the capacitor is discharged

*Avoid skin contact with the

*Capacitor Bank

impregnation fluid in the event of leakage and avoid breathing flames or gases from the impregnation fluid.

* UG cables * Before the work is started, dead cable should

be checked and properly identified * If the cable is to be cut, a steel wedge is to be driven carefully it at the point by means of a spiking gun * Barricades shall be provided while making trenches or opening trench covers

*Earthing *All phases of line or equipment

should be earthed even though the work is proceeding in one phase only * Earthing shall be provided on either side of the work *Before earthing verify the circuit is dead

LT 11 KV 33 KV 66 KV 132 KV 220 KV

3 feet 8 feet 6 inches 9 feet 9 feet 9 inches 11 feet 3 inches 13 feet 6 inches

*Rubber Gloves
* Air test- to be done to test any leak or crack *Should be kept separately *Shall be tested frequently for leakage current at
frequent interval

*Glove for voltage up to 11kV to 22kV shall be 1.8 *It should be dusted with talcum powder *Keep Medium/large may be 3 nos per Substation

mm thick & approximate weight 400 gms per pair

* Aluminum Ladders
* Ladders should be placed in a safe position at
an angle before being climbed .Best angle is 75* with the horizontal. Horizontal distance of the base of the ladder from the object it lean against should be one fourth of the length of the ladder

Safety Equipments
should have

* Straight ladder 2.5 m length or 4 mtr length * Rope & pulley operated extended ladder of length
3.5m/6m.

* The rungs shall not be more than 30 cm in spacing * The extension ladder shall be fail-safe automatic spring
lock.

* Ladder should be periodically inspected.

Safety Equipments
* Ladders * Step ladder should be fully opened before use. * Work man should face the ladder when ascending or
descending & both hands free to hold the ladder.

* Painting of ladder should not be done.

* Safety belt * It should be of cast steel

buckles,leather/synthetic fibre rope/nylon strap of proper strength. * Belts should be wiped clean if they become wet * Keep 4 nos per substation.

*Ropes *Ropes should be of good strength-Inspect it

frequently

*It should be so uncoiled to avoid kinking- kink may

overstress the fibre at that kink removed.

*No load should be applied until all kinks are

*After work ropes should be neatly coiled. *Wet ropes deteriorate rapidly, it should be kept
dry.

* Hand tools * Proper tools should always be used. * All tool should be maintained in good safe working
condition.

* Earth rod

*Each s/s shall have minimum 6 nos. ear thing rod *Earth clamp on conductor side/line terminal shall
*The connecting wire shall be16

be properly designed and firm contact with spring pressure or screw adjustment. sq.mm/10sq.mm,insulated and a length of 10Mtr.Insulated rod may be of 2.5 mtr long. earth rod at its usual storage place.

*After the work make a practice to count the no of

* Rubber Mat/Insulating Mat * Insulating mats should be high quality

electrical rubber mat of size 1mx3m or 1mx5m or 0.6mx3m

* The thickness shall be 10 mm. * It should withstand a test voltage not less than
80 kV for 1 minute.

*Safety Helmet- polyethylene helmet of

standard size having tough outer shell with smooth surface. *Safety tools *Tool bags *LVAC voltage tester *Warning sign *Safety pad lock *Ribbon *Raincoats

1. Have you undergone safety training? 2. Have you opened the Isolator/ A.B. Switch feeding supply? 3. Are the LT fuses removed? 4. Have you provided temporary earths at work spot? 5. Are you wearing gloves? 6. Did you check earth rod in place? 7. Are you wearing helmet/ 8. Have you taken the safety belt with you? 9. Are you confident of getting up the pole? 10. Did you ensure that all other workmen in your
team are following all safety precautions?

*
*Issuing of SA to the field staff and maintaining a
register as an evidence to such issuing. *Standard specification and its condition (Verification during safety class). *Ensuring the usage of SA by the staff while inspecting the work spot. *If found any unsafe attitudes in the site among the staff correct them at once. *Action against erred staff to make others working with moral fear & proper awareness.

Life is short. Dont make it shorter

Always Be Careful ABC of Safety