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CAD geometry
computer Analysis can be greatly enhanced with computers Once analysis is complete, design evaluation- rapid prototyping Software packages for design optimization
software allowing shape manipulation Hardware includes graphic devices and their peripherals for input and output operations Software includes packages that manipulate or analyze shapes according to user interaction
Hardware Components
Graphic device is composed of a display processing unit, a display
device, and one or more input devices Input devices: Mouse Space ball Data tablet with a puck or stylus Keyboard Output Devices: Plotters Color laser printers
Hardware Configuration
Hardware Configuration
Requires a big initial investment for hardware and software Slow system response times
Hardware Configuration
Hardware Configuration #2
Engineering workstations connected in a networked environment Widely used; trend toward distributed computing
Hardware Configuration
Popular with small companies
Same as the second, except engineering workstations are replaced by personal computers running Microsoft Windows
Popular with companies whose main purpose is to generate drawings with their CAD/CAM/CAE systems
Software Components
CAD software allows the designer to create and
manipulate a shape interactively and store it CAM software plans, manages and controls the operations of a manufacturing site CAE software analyzes design geometry, allowing designer to study product behavior
software elements are selected from among available software Use object-oriented technology, which modularizes the program Capable of either parametric or variational modeling Internet support
Rapid Prototyping
Layer by layer fabrication of three-
dimensional physical models from CAD Fast and inexpensive alternative for producing prototypes and functional models Build parts in thin layers Minimum operation time; typically runs unattended
U.S. rapid prototyping systems Preprocessing prepares .STL file for various rapid prototyping systems Build process can last from a few hours to several days Post processing: removal of part from machine, support removal, sanding
Before CAD
After CAD
significantly? Taking advantage of 3D modeling tools to translate visions into realities? For industrial designers today, "doing whatever it takes" often means using 3D design tools--whether for visualization or engineering analysis--to speed up the product design process. Increasingly, industrial design teams are finding that the ability to design and communicate using 3D models offers a key advantage over traditional methods.
often presented in 3D. To provide instructions to manufacturing, a 3D model can be rotated and examined for better understanding. During the development phase, the designer and the engineer can work more closely in refining the product definition if they are looking at and sharing information based on a common 3D model.
geometry and topology of a part 2D Technical drawing General-Purpose drafting 3D Difficult to master Freely rotate and zoom a model
database More advanced documentation merges text and graphics to produce assembly drawings, bills of material, instruction manuals and reports, parts catalogs, and sales brochures
Advantages
Reduce the lead time for new product introduction
Products can be tested more quickly Costly mistakes in design or production can be
avoided Efficient drafting and modeling tool Animated walkthroughs or fly-bys Interactive virtual tours through buildings that have yet to be built. Reduce time to market
Advantages
Time to manufacture can be reduced Documentation can be printed in various forms for
multiple users The quality of designs and the products manufactured from them is improved CAD systems enhance communication and promote innovation in multifunctional design teams by providing a visual , interactive focus for discussion. To facilitate discussion or clarify a design, CAD data can be sent electronically between designers and suppliers or viewed simultaneously on computer screens by different designers in physically separated locations
Disadvantages
Incompatibility Complex Surfaces
In the automotive industry, each of the major auto manufacturers uses a different CAD system for its vehicle and component design and engineering
efforts. These systems are not interoperable, which means they cannot read each other's data formats. This lack of compatibility of CAD software costs manufacturers in the automotive industry alone $1 billion a year, according to a 1999 study by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
Disadvantages
As long as suppliers have difficulty sharing CAD data with
manufacturers, any time a machinist must reproduce the engineer`s design in a different CAD package or whenever contractors must allocate time to cross-train employees in a new client`s favored software, the advantages that CAD provides are rapidly diminished. Suppliers can`t afford to continue wasting time dealing with the mounting incompatibility problems. Overall, US industry would have a big competitive advantage if the CAD software developers would get together and find solutions to these problems.
Vendors, users, and experts agree that one of the biggest
problems in modeling complex surfaces is creating surfaces that interface with each other properly. Another major challenge is controlling surface normal tangencies.
Future Trends
Design software is getting easier to use
National CAD standard The goal of the National CAD Standard (NCS) is to
encourage voluntary adoption of a standard to streamline and simplify the exchange of information with computer-aided design (CAD) software. This consensus-developed standard incorporates CAD publications of multiple organizations. Adoption of the NCS is intended to save time and money on developing standards.