Thinned or fractured crust allows magma to rise to the surface as lava.

Most magma doesn't reach the surface but heats large regions of underground rock

When the rising hot water and steam is trapped in permeable and porous rocks under a layer of impermeable rock, it can form a geothermal reservoir.

Exploration commonly begins with analysis of satellite images and aerial photographs

Volcanoes are obvious indications of underground heat,

this volcano, Mt. Mayon in the Albay province of the

Philippines erupted in 1999

structures are mapped in the region. This view overlooks Basin and Range terrain East of the

Sierra Nevadas.

The first modern geothermal power plants were also built in Lardello, Italy. They were destroyed in World War II and rebuilt. Today after 90 years, the Lardello field is still producing

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
ENERGY FROM THE EARTHS OWN INTERIOR. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY FROM THE EARTHS INTERIOR IS ALMOST INEXHAUSTIBLE AS SOLAR OR WIND ENERGY. CENTRE OF THE EARTH ESTIMATED AT TEMP UPTO 5,000K.

TOTAL ENERGY AVAILABLE TOWARDS EARTHS SURFACE -- 4.2x 1010 KW. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY CAN BE USED FOR HEAT AND POWER GENERATION.

ENERGY PRESENT AS HEAT WITH AVEARGE TEMP ABOUT 2000C AT A DEPTH OF 10 Km

(A) HOT MAGMA (MOLTEN ROCK)- PRESENT AT DEPTH >24 TO 40KM (B) SOLID IGNEOUS ROCK(IGNEOUS MEANS FIRE -VOLCANIC ACTION (c) POROUS & PERMEABLE RESERVOIR (D) IMPERMEABLE SOLID ROCK (E) FISSURES (F) GEYSERS FUMAROLS( STEAM IS CONTINOUSLY VENTED THROUGH FISSURES , THESE VENTS ARE CALLED FUMAROLS) (G) WELL (H) HOT SPRING

HISTORY
FIRST APPLICATIONS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY WERE SPACE HEATING, COOKING, MEDICINAL PURPOSES FIRST ATTEMPT TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY - LARDERELLO, ITALY IN 1904 WITH AN ELECTRIC GENERATOR THAT POWERED FOUR LIGHT BULBS. IN 1979, GLOBAL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION FROM GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES WAS 1872 MW

BY THE TURN OF THIS CENTURY GROW UPTO 1,00000 MW

ABOUT 340 KNOWN GEOTHERMAL AREAS IN INDIA 46 OF THESE SYSTEMS ARE OF HIGH TEMP ABOVE 1500C WHICH COULD GENERATE 2000 MW FOR A PERIOD OF 30 YEARS 59 ARE INTERMEADIATE TEMP 900C TO 1500C CONSIDERED FOR POWER GENERATION USING BINARY VAPOUR CYCLE. PUGA VALLEY IN J&K HAVING 20MW PARVATI VALLEY, MANIKARAN IN H.P

GEOTHERMAL FIELDS
Geothermal steam is of two kinds: Magmetic steam- Steam originating fron magma itself Meteoritic steam-Ground water is heated by magma CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHS SURFACE 1. NON-THERMAL AREAS -- HAVING TEMP GRADIENT OF 10 40 m/0C 2. SEMI THERMAL AREAS HAVING TEMP. GRTADIENT OF 70 m/0C 3. HYPER THERMAL AREAS HAVING TEMP.GRADIENT ABOVE 100 m/0C

Earth Temperature Gradient

http://www.geothermal.ch/eng/vision.html

TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY (GEOTHERMAL SOURCES)

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RESERVOIRS ARE LIQUID DOMINATED STEAM DOMINATED SOURCES ARE
1. HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS - HEATED BY HOT ROCKS, 2050C TO 3150C, 8 BAR 2. GEOPRESSURED SYSTEMS- HOT WATER AT 1600C, AT 2400 TO 9100M DEPTH, MORE THAN 1000 BAR 3. PETROTHERMAL SYSTEMS- HOT DRY ROCKS- AT 150 0C TO 2980C NEAR THE EARTHS SURFACE 85% OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES.

HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS
WATER IS HEATED BY HOT ROCKS HEAT IS TRANSPORTED FROM THE HOT ROCKS BY CIRCULATING MOVEMENT( I.E. BY CONVETION OF THE WATER IN A POROS MEDIUM) TWO TYPES 1. VAPOUR DOMINATED WATER IS VAPORISED INTO STEAM WHICH REACHES THE EARTHS SURFACE AT 8 BAR &

2050C.
STEAM CAN BE USED TO PRODUCE POWER BY RANKINE CYCLE WITH MINIMUM COSTS. STEAM IS ASSOCATED WITH CORROSIVE & EROSIVE MATERIALS 2. LIQUID DOMINATED

HOT WATER IS TRAPPED UNDERGROUND AT A TEMP -1740C TO 3150C.

THIS WATER IS BROUGHT UP EITHER BY DRILLING WELLS OR PUMPED UP.

STEAM & WATER FROM HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM CONTAIN THE FOLLOWING: 1. DISSOLVED SOLIDS IN WATER 2. ENTRAINED SOLID PARTICLES 3. NON-CONDENSABLE GASES ( C02, H2, N2 , NH3, H2S) 4. SAND LARGE EXTRACTION OF GEOTHERMAL FLUIDS & REINJECTION INTO THE GROUND POSE THE POSSSIBILITY OF SEISMIC DISTURBANCES.

VAPOR DOMINATED POWER PLANT

DRY STEAM AT 35 BAR , 2000C IS AVAILABLE AT THE BOTTOM OF THE WELL. SUPERHEATED DUE TO PRESSURE DROP TO 7BAR 1-2 & 2-3 THROTTLING PROCESS- ENTHALPY REMAINS CONSTANT H2S REMAOVAL REMOVED IN THE SHELL AND TUBE CONDENSER BY A PROCESS CALLED

STRETFORD PROCESS- SULPHUR IS PRODUCED AS BY PRODUCT.

LOWEST COST LEAST NO.OF SERIOUS PROBLEMS

Steam is used to drive a turbo-generator Steam is condensed and pumped back into the ground A 55 MW plant requires 100 kg/s of steam

Dry Steam Schematic

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, 2004

LIQUID DOMONATED SYSTEMS(WET STEAM FIELDS)

INTHIS, WATER TEMPERATURE IS ABOVE THE NORMAL BOILING POINT, 1000C.

BUT WATER UNDER PRESSURE, IT DOES NOT BOIL REMAINS IN LIQUID

WHEN WATER COMES TO THE SURFACE THE PRESSURE IS REDUCED, RAPID BOILING THEN OCCURS AND LIQUID WATER FLASHES INTO A MIXTUREOF HOT WATER &STEAM. STEAM IS SEPARATED AND USED IN TURBINE.

Two methods
A) Flashed-steam system ; suitable for water in the higher temp. B) Binary cycle system suitable for water at moderate tem. C) Total flow system; further development.

LIQUID DOMINATED (HIGH TEMERATURE) SYSTEM

EXAMPLE; VOLCANIC WAIRAKEI FIELD IN NEWZEALAND.

WATER IN HYDRO THERMAL RESERVOIR IS AT THE TEMERATURE ABOUT

230 0C PRESSURE OF 40 ATM( 4MPa) DEPTHS OF 600 TO 1400 M FLASHED IN TOA MIXURE OF STEAM AND WATER AT THE SURFACE. PASSES THROUGH CYCLONE SEPARATOR TO REMOVE WATER. STEAM SUPPLIED TO TURBINE.

Single Flash Steam Power Plants

Steam with water extracted from ground Pressure of mixture drops at surface and more water flashes to steam Steam separated from water Steam drives a turbine Turbine drives an electric generator Generate between 5 and 100 MW Use 6 to 9 tonnes of steam per hour

Single Flash Steam Schematic

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, 2004

Double Flash Power Plants

Similar to single flash operation Unflashed liquid flows to low-pressure tank flashes to steam Steam drives a second-stage turbine
Also uses exhaust from first turbine

Increases output 20-25% for 5% increase in plant costs

Double Flash Schematic

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, 2004

Binary Cycle Power Plants

Low temps 100o and 150oC Use heat to vaporize organic liquid
E.g., iso-butane, iso-pentane

Use vapor to drive turbine

Causes vapor to condense Recycle continuously

Typically 7 to 12 % efficient 0.1 40 MW units common

http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/reports/ser/geo/geo.asp

Binary Cycle Schematic

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, 2004

Binary Plant Power Output

http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/geothermal/technology.htm

Technology vs. Temperature

Reservoir Temperature Reservoir Fluid Common Use Technology commonly chosen

High Temperature >220oC (>430oF).

Water or Steam

Power Generation Direct Use Flash Steam Combined (Flash and Binary) Cycle Direct Fluid Use Heat Exchangers Heat Pumps Binary Cycle Direct Fluid Use Heat Exchangers Heat Pumps Direct Fluid Use Heat Exchangers

Intermediate Temperature 100-220oC (212 - 390oF). Low Temperature 50-150oC (120-300oF).

Water

Power Generation Direct Use Direct Use

Water

http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/geothermal/technology.htm

Hot Dry Rock Technology

Fenton Hill plant

http://www.ees4.lanl.gov/hdr/

Hot Dry Rock Technology

Wells drilled 3-6 km into crust
Hot crystalline rock formations

Water pumped into formations Water flows through natural fissures picking up heat Hot water/steam returns to surface Steam used to generate power

http://www.ees4.lanl.gov/hdr/

Advantages of Geothermal

http://www.earthsci.org/mineral/energy/geother/geother.htm