Three-Phase AC machines

Resource 1

Introduction to Motors and Generators

Three-Phase AC Machines Resource 1

Introduction to Motors and Generators

Aims
To provide an understanding of the motor and generator effect that links electricity to magnetism
To provide an understanding of how to apply Flemings left and right hand rules.

Three-Phase AC Machines Resource 1

Introduction to Motors and Generators

Objectives

At the end of this lesson you should be able to:

Describe the effects of placing a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field Perform simple calculations for the force on a conductor in a magnetic field Apply Flemings Left Hand Motor rule Describe the effects of moving a conductor through a magnetic field Perform simple calculations for the induced EMF across a conductor moving through a magnetic field Apply Flemings Right Hand Generator Rule Describe the effects of passing a current through a coil of wire to form an electromagnet

The Motor Effect

F =B I L
North pole

[Newtons]

B = Density of the magnetic flux in Teslas I = Induced current in Amps

L Force B I South pole F

L = Length of conductor in field in metres Example 1 If a conductor of length 0.4m carrying a current of 10.6A is placed in a magnetic field with a flux density of 0.03T, determine the force experienced by this conductor in newtons. F = 0.03 x 10.6 x 0.4 = 0.1272 N

The Motor Effect

Flemings Left Hand Rule

North pole Each digit of your hand must be at right angles to both of the other two second finger current thumb motion first finger field

L Force B I South pole

If the current is reversed, the direction of motion will change

The Motor Effect

Flemings Left Hand Rule

North pole Each digit of your hand must be at right angles to both of the other two second finger current thumb motion B first finger field South pole If the current is reversed, the direction of motion will change

Force

The Motor Effect

Flemings Left Hand Rule

North pole Each digit of your hand must be at right angles to both of the other two

Force
B

second finger current

thumb motion first finger field If the field is reversed, the motion will be in the opposite direction

I South pole

The Motor Effect

Flemings Left Hand Rule

South pole Each digit of your hand must be at right angles to both of the other two field second finger current thumb motion

F Force B

first finger

I
North pole

If the field is reversed, the motion will be in the opposite direction

The Motor Effect

Using the following convention, we can show why Flemings left hand rule works

Current into page

Current out of page

field is clockwise

field is anticlockwise

The Motor Effect

Field lines in the same direction cause repulsion, field lines in opposite directions cause attraction

North Pole
Force

North Pole

repulsion repulsion South Pole South Pole

attraction Force

attraction

The Motor Effect

The force on a conductor can be increased by forming a single turn coil North Pole

Blue spot represents the central pivot point

South Pole

The Motor Effect

The force on a conductor can be increased by forming a single turn coil Top conductor experiences force to left Force

North Pole

South Pole

The Motor Effect

The force on a conductor can be increased by forming a single turn coil Top conductor experiences force to left Force

North Pole

Force

South Pole

Bottom conductor experiences force to right

The Motor Effect

The force on a conductor can be increased by forming a single turn coil Top conductor experiences force to left Force North Pole

Force Bottom conductor experiences force to right

South Pole Combined action causes rotation

The Motor Effect

Forces add up to a rotational force called Torque (T) in Newtons per metre North Pole

South Pole

The Motor Effect

For a multi-turn coil North Pole Torque produced T= 2nFr

n = number of coil turns

T T F = force on single conductor r = radius of coil

South Pole

The Motor Effect

For a multi-turn coil North Pole

Torque produced T= 2nFr Example 2 A 100 turn coil has a radius of 0.1m and a length of 0.15m. It is placed at right angles in a magnetic field of flux density 0.08T and carries 12A, calculate the force on each conductor and the total torque produced by the coil. F = B I L = 0.08 x 12 x 0.15 = 0.144 N

T = 2nFr
South Pole

= 2 x 100 x 0.144 x 0.1

= 2.88 Nm

The Generator Effect

e =B L v [Volts]

North pole e Velocity v South pole L + I B

B = Density of the magnetic flux in Teslas L = Length of conductor in field in metres v = velocity in metres per second Example 3 Calculate the EMF induced across the ends of a wire of length 0.3m when it is moved through a magnetic field of flux density 0.015T at a speed of 50m/s.. e = 0.015 x 0.3 x 50

= 0.225 Volts

The Generator Effect

Flemings Right Hand Rule North pole e Velocity v South pole If the motion is reversed, the polarity of EMF will change and the current will be reversed L + I B thumb motion Each digit of your hand must be at right angles to both of the other two

second finger
current

first finger field

The Generator Effect

Flemings Right Hand Rule North pole + e L Each digit of your hand must be at right angles to both of the other two

B
Velocity v I South pole

second finger
current

thumb motion first finger field

If the motion is reversed, the polarity of EMF will change and the current will be reversed

The Generator Effect

Flemings Right Hand Rule North pole + e L Each digit of your hand must be at right angles to both of the other two

B
Velocity v I South pole

second finger current

thumb motion

first finger field

If the field is reversed, the polarity of EMF will change again and the current will be reversed again

The Generator Effect

Flemings Right Hand Rule South pole e L + Velocity B first finger field thumb motion second current finger Each digit of your hand must be at right angles to both of the other two

I North pole

If the field is reversed, the polarity of EMF will change again and the current will be reversed again

The Generator Effect

An EMF can be generated in a rotational motion by forming a coil North Pole

Motion

Motion

South Pole EMF generated in both sides of the coil add up

The Generator Effect

An EMF can be generated in a rotational motion by forming a coil North Pole v Linear velocity v of each conductor can be worked out from the rotational speed N and the radius r

v=2rN 60

m/s

v South Pole

The total EMF E of a coil having n turns moving at right angles to a magnetic field is as follows E=2ne Volts

The Generator Effect

An EMF can be generated in a rotational motion by forming a coil Example 4 A 200 turn coil has a radius of 0.12m and a length of 0.23m. It is placed in a magnetic field of flux density 0.06T and rotated at 3000rpm. When the coil is in its vertical position at right angles to the field, calculate (a) the EMF on each conductor (b) the total EMF produced by the coil.

= v =

37.7 m/s 2 x 0.12 x 3000 60

e = 0.06 x 0.23 x 37.7 e =B L v Volts

v =2rN 60
E=2ne Volts

m/s

E = 2 x 200 x 0.52 = 0.52 = 208.1 Volts Volts

Electromagnetism

When a coil is formed of many wire turns, the magnetic fields around each wire add up to produce a strong electromagnet. One side of this magnet will be a North Pole while the other side will be a South Pole If the current in the electromagnet is reversed, the magnetic poles will swap sides.

Electromagnetism

If the coil is wrapped around a soft iron core, the electromagnetic field becomes much stronger. Electromagnets are used in motors and generators so that the strength of the field can be varied. In a motor, this affects the speed and torque produced. In a generator, it affects the voltage generated.

Further Study Types of motor DC motors

Series Field Shunt Field Compound Field

AC induction
Squirrel Cage Slip ring wound rotor

AC synchronous
Salient Pole Cylindrical

Further Study - DC Motor Performance

Shunt Field Series Field Compound Field

Speed

Torque

Further Study - AC Motor Performance

Synchronous Cage Induction Wound induction

Speed

Speed