13 (B) Comptroller & Auditor General of India

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Public audit is a vital instrument of ensuring supremacy

of Parliament over executive and enforcing public
accountability.
Public audit institutions developed over time to help
legislatures to implement the power of the purse.
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The Indian Constitution gives special status to

Comptroller & Auditor General (CAG as laid down in
Articles 148 to 151.
The Act gives authority to CAG to audit all expenditure
from and receipts into the consolidated fund of India and
the States. It also authorises CAG to audit the receipts
and expenditure of bodies or authorities substantially
financed by loans or grants from Union or State or Union
Territory.
Article 151 of the Constitution prescribes that Audit
Reports on the accounts of Union and the States be
submitted to Parliament /State Legislature.
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There are several provisions enshrined

Constitution to safeguard his independence-
in
the
He
is appointed by the President of India by warrant

under his hand and seal and his oath of office
requires him to uphold the Constitution of India and
the laws made there under
He
can be removed from office only on grounds of

proven misbehavior or incapacity after an address by
both Houses of Parliament supported by a two-thirds
majority.
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His
salary and conditions of service cannot be varied

to his disadvantage after appointment.
He
shall not be eligible for further office under the

Government of India or of any State after Retirement
His
administrative powers and the conditions of

service of persons serving in the Indian Audit and
Accounts Department shall be prescribed by rules
made by the President only after consulting him.
The
administrative expenses of his office are charge

upon the Consolidated Fund of India and are not
subject to beg voted by Parliament.
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The Statutory duties of the CAG include audit of:-
Receipts
and expenditure of the Union and the State

Governments accounted for in the respective
Consolidated Funds.
Transactions relating to the Contingency Fund and the

Public Accounts.
Trading,
manufacturing, profit and loss accounts and

balance sheets and other subsidiary accounts kept in
any Government Department.
Authorities and bodies substantially financed from the

Consolidated Funds of the Union and the States (Where
the grant or loan is not less than rupees twenty five-
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-lakh and the amount of such grant or loan is not less

than seventy-five percent of the total expenditure of
that body or authority, such body or authority is
considered to be substantially Financed).
Any
body or authority even though not substantially

financed from the Consolidated Fund at the request of
the President or the Governor.
Accounts of bodies and authorities receiving loans and

grants from the Government for specific purposes.
Accounts
of stores and stock kept in Government

organisations,
Government
companies
and
Government corporations whose statutes provide for
audit by the CAG.
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Regularity Audit (Compliance or Financial)
It is an audit to ascertain whether the moneys spent

were authorised for the purpose for which they were
sent. Also, it is an audit to see that the expenditure
incurred was in conformity with the laws, rules and
regulations
Propriety Audit
The term propriety means the rightness and moral

quality of a course of action Propriety audit thus focuses
on whether the expenditure made is in public interest
Propriety audit focuses on aspects like whether public
money is misused for the benefit of a particular person
or section of community.
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Efficiency Audit
Efficiency audit is a the audit, which ensures that the

money invested yields optimum results. The main
purpose of efficiency audit is to ensure that
investment is properly prioritized and channeled into
most profitable lines.
there is most profitable utilization of investment
Performance Audit
Performance audit is to see that Government

programmes have achieved the desired objectives at
lowest cost and given the intended benefits.
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Environmental Audit
In recent years, environmental audit is gaining

momentum. CAG has done EA for some projects
recently. CAG carried out the audit of the environment
management at Mumbai Port Trust, Tiger Parks etc.
Internal audit
Internal audit is defined as control of all controls and is

an essential tool for good governance. It is conducted to
ascertain how far the rules and regulations, systems and
procedures and instructions issued by the top
management in accounting, financial and administrative
matters are being followed.
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Its report is post-facto-that is after the expenditure is

incurred and has only prospective value in improving
systems and procedures
secret service expenditure is outside its audit purview
(which is incurred in cultivating informers and on

collecting data on intelligence, etc. on duty evasion,
anti social activities, smuggling activities, etc.) and
comes within administrative audit. Some departments
like police, customs etc have some money authorized
for secret service.
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CAG
conducts audit as per the Comptroller and

Auditor General (Duties, Powers and Conditions of
Service) Act, 1971. At the time of this legislation,
concepts like public private partnership (PPP) were
nonexistent. Rules have not undergone significant
change and CAG does not have the power to audit
public-private-partnership (PPP) investments
The
Act governing the CAG does not provide for

auditing funds that are given to an NGO or elected
local bodies. CAG can seek the direction and
permission of the Governor of a state to audit the
local bodies and panchayatiraj institutions. Thus, CAG
does not have full authority to audit them.
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13 (B) Comptroller &amp; Auditor General of India

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www.iasexamportal.

Public audit is a vital instrument of ensuring supremacy

The Indian Constitution gives special status to

There are several provisions enshrined

is appointed by the President of India by warrant

can be removed from office only on grounds of

salary and conditions of service cannot be varied

shall not be eligible for further office under the

administrative powers and the conditions of

administrative expenses of his office are charge

The Statutory duties of the CAG include audit of:-

and expenditure of the Union and the State

Transactions relating to the Contingency Fund and the

manufacturing, profit and loss accounts and

Authorities and bodies substantially financed from the

-lakh and the amount of such grant or loan is not less

body or authority even though not substantially

Accounts of bodies and authorities receiving loans and

of stores and stock kept in Government

Regularity Audit (Compliance or Financial)

It is an audit to ascertain whether the moneys spent

The term propriety means the rightness and moral

Efficiency audit is a the audit, which ensures that the

Performance audit is to see that Government

In recent years, environmental audit is gaining

Internal audit is defined as control of all controls and is

Its report is post-facto-that is after the expenditure is

secret service expenditure is outside its audit purview

(which is incurred in cultivating informers and on

conducts audit as per the Comptroller and

Act governing the CAG does not provide for

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Books for IAS Exams

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13 (B) Comptroller & Auditor General of India

13 (B) Comptroller & Auditor General of India