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PEDAGOGY
CAI
INNOVATIVE METHODS
WBI
Innovative methods
Conceptualization
CAI ---- Computer-Assisted Instruction
Return
CBI ----- Computer-Based Instruction ICAI-----Intelligent Computer-Assisted Instruction ITS ------Intelligent Tutoring System
CMC --- Computer-Mediated Communication
Computer-Based Instruction
Computer-Aided Instruction
A computer program coded to... display prompts and instructions to a learner keep track of learners paths and reactions provide feedback in response to learners input
Computer-Managed Instruction
A computer program coded to... present and score tests keep records of trainees performance make learning recommendations based on trainees performance
A system which can provide administrative support to instructors for managing instructional materials and activities.
Definition II
The use of computers and software to manage the instructional process.
Definition V
The computer performs various management functions, such as testing, record keeping, prescribing, and reporting.
Categories of CMI
Small-scale (managing a single course at a single institution) Medium-scale (managing multiple courses at a single institution) Large-scale (managing multiple courses at multiple institutions).
Features of CMI
CMI implementation can reduce instructor work loads by automating tedious and routine functions such as grading, scheduling, and keeping track of resources. CMI may be used for either individualized or group instruction.
In CMI, students self-study and self-pace themselves through off-line lesson modules (i.e., they do not interact directly with the system while learning). This differs from computer-assisted instruction where students interact in real time with course contents and tests stored in the computer via on-line terminals.
Features of CMI
Also in CMI, the computer via its distributed terminals 1. scores criterion-referenced multiple-choice tests students take off-line, 2. interprets test results and provides the students with feedback regarding their performance, 3. advises students to learn the next or alternative lesson or to remediate mastery modules, and 4. manages student records, instructional resources, and administrative data
Function of CMI
Tracking student performance over a period of time Providing information concerning performance trends Recording individual and group performance data Scheduling training Providing support for other training management functions
Function of CMI
Input and storage of student data (primarily test scores and activities completed)
Input and storage of curricular data (generally objectives, test items linked to objectives, and instructional materials or activities linked to objectives)
Retrieval and analysis of the data relating student scores and activity to the curriculum data Generation of various reports showing individual or group progress and current status
Especially on Macintosh microcomputers, there is growing agreement on interfaces, data storage formats, and data interchange techniques.
The database may contain many things: CBI lessons, test-item files, objective and other curricular files, assignment (both online and offline) files, and student data files.
Uses of CMI
CMI for Instructors
Telling the student what they are expected to learn by a statement of course and unit objectives. Requiring restudy and repeated testing until the student achieve unit mastery. Criterion-referenced evaluation of accomplishments. Using lectures and demonstrations as vehicles of motivation rather than as sources of critical information.
Uses of CMI
Decision-making about appropriate instructional activities and reinforcement contingence.
Monitoring students performance and progress, supplying appropriate individual performance feedback. Engaging in individual student tutoring and guidance when learning problem arise Advising students about subject-matter related sources of information not available in the curriculum, in both individual and group sessions
Uses of CMI
Modifying, as necessary, students inappropriate attributions and perceptions about locus of responsibility for learning. Counselling and advising students about appropriate strategies for attending to new information and for constructing meaning from it. Diagnosing internal sources of students learning problems, including their use of appropriate cognitive process, learning strategies, motivational process, and self-statement. Decision-making about appropriate remediation activities, strategies, and resources that are matched to students learning needs. Modelling the practical use of new information and skills and the concept of personal responsibility through individual and group tutorial sessions.
CAI
What is CAI ?
A self-learning technique, usually offline/online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an interactive instructional technique whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place. CAI uses a combination of text, graphics, sound and video in enhancing the learning process. CAI refers to the use of the computer as a tool to facilitate and improve instruction. CAI programs use tutorials, drill and practice, simulation, and problem solving approaches to present topics and they test the student's understanding.
Origin of CAI ?
After the development of a small commercial computer in U.S.A to process census data around 1960 Development of PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations) - around 1964 Development of computerized tutorials in arithmetic and reading for elementary school children by Patrick Suppes of Stanford University in 1966 and in fact he was considered to
Typical CAI provides Text or multimedia content Multiple-choice questions Problems Immediate feedback Notes on incorrect responses Summarizes students' performance
CAI programmes
Drill and Practice
Simulation
Instructional game Tutorial Discovery Problem solving
Developing CAI
1. Set Parameters
2. Estimate Costs
Project Manager
Design Team
Instructional Designer
Design Team
Programmer
Design Team
Subject Manager Expert
Advantages of CAI
one-to-one interaction great motivator freedom to experiment with different options instantaneous response/immediate feedback to the answers elicited Self pacing - allow students to proceed at their own pace Privacy helps the shy and slow learner to learn multimedia helps to understand difficult concepts through multi sensory approach self directed learning students can decide when, where, and what to learn
Limitations of CAI
A poor substitute for actual experience
Software limitations
Restricted Text displays Learning becomes too mechanical Hardware limitations