Ability

Individuals capacity Two factors: intellectual & physical Learning Occurs all the time Directly/ indirectly, observation, practice any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience Learning is a change of behavior Involves change good /bad Ex- person from different org. culture

Theories of learning

Explains the process by which we acquire patterns of behavior

Classical conditioning, operand conditioning & social learning

Classical conditioning Grew out of experiments to teach dogs to salivate , in response to the ringing of bell.

Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov

Classical conditioning is the process of modifying behavior so that pairing a conditioned stimulus with an unconditional stimulus elicits an conditional response Meat unconditional stimulus Bell- artificial stimulus conditional stimulus Paired with bell, & meat response was conditional

To measure accurately the amount of saliva secreted by a dog Presented with meat, dog increased salivation Without meat, just the bell rang did not salivate Then he Linked meat with bell, Repeatedly hearing the bell, before food, dog began to salivate, even without food Dog learned to respond

Meat unconditional stimulus Reaction with meat unconditional response Bell- artificial stimulus conditional stimulus When bell paired with unconditional stimulus, (meat), produced the behavior conditional response Classical conditioning summary a conditioned response involves building up an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

Ex: manufacturing firm when top executives come for the visit, clean up office and wash windows Employees behave well, come on time Later on , employees started to behave when they washed and cleaned place

Social learning theory

Learn by observing others..(rewards..) Direct experiences What being told by othersteachersparents Influence of models is central to the social learning: Four processes that determine the influence are: 1)Attentional processes: Learn from a model by paying attention to its crucial features Ex- if model is attractive, available, important

Retention processes: a models influence depends on how well the individual remembers the model s action even after the model is not available Motor reproduction practices : watching must be converted to doing Reinforcement processes: behaviors that are positively reinforced gets more attention , learn better, repeated

Operand conditioning

Operand conditioning- the process of modifying behavior by following specific behaviors with positive or negative consequences Behavior is a function of its consequences (Discuss..) People behave to get something they want or to avoid something they dont want Operand behavior is voluntary or learned behavior Tendency to repeat this behavior is influenced by reinforcement Behavior is followed by stimuli in a unthinking manner

Shaping behavior strategies

Mold individual Methods: Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment Extinction

Reinforcement Theory

Reinforcement enhances desirable behavior, while punishment and extinction diminish undesirable behavior Reinforcement and punishment represent the positive and negative consequences of behavior Positive consequences are the results of a persons behavior that the person finds attractive Negative consequences are the results of a persons behavior that the person finds unattractive

These include disciplinary action, undesirable transfer, demotion etc

Reinforcement is the attempt to develop or strengthen desirable behavior by either bestowing positive consequences or withholding negative consequences. Positive reinforcement is the process of strengthening a behavior by contingently presenting something pleasing

Ex: good performance awarded with gifts..rewards etc

Negative reinforcement is the process of strengthening a behavior by contingently withdrawing something displeasing.

Negative R strengthens a behavior because a negative condition is stopped or avoided as a consequence of the behavior.. Ex: Driving in heavy traffic is a negative condition for most of us. You leave home earlier than usual one morning, and don't run into heavy traffic. You leave home earlier again the next morning and again you avoid heavy traffic. Your behavior of leaving home earlier is strengthened by the consequence of the avoidance of heavy traffic. ex: manager reduces the pay, for employee coming late..thus prevents that negative behavior

Punishment process of weakening behavior through either the contingent presentation of something displeasing

Ex: athlete who is excessively offensive, to an officer, may be removed from game

Extinction weakens a bad /displeasing behavior by ignoring it

Ex- crying baby (faking)

Negative Reinforcement is often confused with Punishment. They are very different Negative Reinforcement strengthens a behavior because a negative condition is stopped or avoided as a consequence of the behavior. Punishment, on the other hand, weakens a behavior because a negative condition is introduced or experienced as a consequence of the behavior.

Schedules of reinforcement
Continuous every instance is reinforced Intermittent sometimes rewarded, not always Intermittent is divided into four categories:

fixed interval and variable interval Fixed interval Ex:(weekly /hourly pay) Behavior is reinforced according to some predetermined constant schedule Variable interval (surprise rewards now and then after a certain time interval) behavior is reinforced after periods of time, but the time span varies from one time to next

Fixed ratio and variable ratio

Fixed ratio piece work incentives bonus tied to the sale of a fixed number of units (specified number of responses) -Behavior is reinforced according to the number of behavior exhibits Variable ratio - reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses.(sales persons commission)

Organizational learning

Chris Argyris Organizational learning occurs when members of organization act as learning agents for the organization responding to changes in the internal and external environments of the organization by detecting and correcting errors in organizational theory in use and embedding the results of their enquiry in private images and shared maps of organization

Definitions : Organizational learning a process of detecting and correcting error Increased intelligence and sophistication of thought and linked to it, increased effectiveness of behavior The process of improving actions through better knowledge and understanding

Learning organizations

Concept is an extension of organizational learning Peter Senge has made tremendous contributions (Fifth Discipline) Definition L.O is that is skilled in creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge and modifying its behavior to reflect new knowledge Characteristics of learning organizations have been listed as :

Holistic framework, strategic thinking, a shared vision, empowerment, information flow, emotional maturity, learning and synergy