ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF BIOMATERIALS AND FOOD SAFETY

MEASUREMENT OF INTERNAL FRICTION OF A FLUID .

THIS FRICTION BECOMES APPARENT WHEN A LAYER OF FLUID IS MADE TO MOVE IN RELATION TO ANOTHER LAYER

THE GREATER THE FRICTION, THE GREATER THE AMOUNT OF FORCE REQUIRED TO CAUSE THIS MOVEMENT, WHICH IS CALLED SHEAR..

Two large parallel plates of area A

t<0

Lower plate is set in motion with constant velocity The fluid start to move due to motion of the plate After a while the fluid enter a steady state velocity profile To maintain this steady state motion, a constant force F is required

t=0

V Y a very small distance V

vx y
x t is large

vx y, t

t is small

The force may be expressed:

F V A Y
The force F per unit area A is proportional to the velocity V in the distance Y; the constant of proportionally is called the viscosity of the fluid.

F Y A V

BEING THE PRINCIPAL PARAMETER FOR FLOW MEASUREMENTS OF LIQUIDS, SEMI SOLIDS AND GASES

WHY MEASURE VISCOSITY???

QUICKEST, ACCURATE AND MOST RELIABLE WAY TO ANALYSE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCT PERFORMANCE

VISCOMETERs

TYPES OF VISCOMETERS
GLASS CAPILLARY OR U-TUBE VISCOMETER

FALLING BALL VISCOMETER

FALLING PISTON VISCOMETER

VIBRATIONAL VISCOMETER ROTATIONAL VISCOMETER

CUP AND BOB VISCOMETER CONE AND PLATE VISCOMETER STORMER VISCOMETER

GLASS CAPILLARY OR U- TUBE VISCOMETER

LIQUID IS DRAWN INTO UPPER BULB BY SUCTION

THIS LIQUID IS THEN ALLOWED TO FLOW DOWN THROUGH THE CAPILLARY TO THE LOWER BULB

TWO MARKS(ONE ABOVE AND ONE BELOW THE UPPER BULB) INDICATE A KNOWN VOLUME

THE TIME TAKEN FOR THE LEVEL OF LIQUID TO PASS BETWEEN THESE MARKS IS PROPORTIONAL TO KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

/=KT
THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE TEST LIQUID TO FLOW THROUGH A CAPILLARY OF A KNOWN DIAMETER OF A CERTAIN FACTOR BETWEEN TWO MARKED POINTS IS MEASURED. BY MULTIPLYING THE TIME TAKEN BY THE FACTOR OF THE VISCOMETER, THE KINEMATIC VISCOSITY IS OBTAINED

= viscosity, =density of liquid, k = viscometer constant and t= time required for the test liquid to flow

A metal sphere falling in viscous fluid reaches a constant velocity vs

Then the viscous retarding force plus the buoyancy force equals the weight of the sphere

s density of the metal

The force Fs is given by Stoke`s law: sphere

Fs 6 rv s

f
t0

density of the fluid

h
r sphere radius Vs thermal speed viscosity
t1

The weight of the sphere will balance the viscous force plus the buoyancy force at the terminal sphere velocity when the sum of forces acting on the sphere is zero
g the constant of gravitation

4 3 4 3 r g s 6 rvs r g f 3 3

FALLING PISTON VISCOMETER

ASSEMBLY IS HELD FOR FEW SECONDS AND THEN ALLOWED TO FALL UNDER GRAVITY;EXPELLING THE SAMPLE OUT AND CREATING A SHEARING EFFECT ON THE LIQUID

PISTON IS RAISED BY AN AIR LIFTING MECHANISM, DRAWING THE MATERIAL BEING MEASURED DOWN THROUGH THE CLEARANCE BETWEEN THE PISTON AND WALL OF THE CYLINDER INTO THE SPACE WHICH IS FORMED BELOW THE PISTON AS IT IS RAISED

THE TIME OF FALL IS MEASURED BY THE VISCOSITY CONTROLLER AND THUS GIVES THE VISCOSITY

VIBRATIONAL VISCOMETER
TWO METHODS

VISCOSITY IS MEASURED BY MEASURING THE DAMPING OF AN OSCILLATING ELECTROMECHANICAL RESONATOR

Measuring the power input necessary to keep the oscillator vibrating at a constant amplitude. The higher the viscosity, the more power is needed to maintain the amplitude of oscillation

Measuring the decay time of the oscillation once the excitation is switched off. The higher the viscosity, the faster the signal decays.

HIGHER THE VISCOSITY, THE LARGER THE DAMPING IMPOSED ON THE RESONATOR

ROTATIONAL VISCOMETER
Rotational viscometers use the idea that the torque required to turn an object in a fluid is a function of the viscosity of that fluid. They measure the torque required to rotate a disk or bob in a fluid at a known speed.

ROTATIONAL VISCOMETERS

CUP AND BOB

CONE AND PLATE

STORMER

CUP AND BOB VISCOMETER

'Cup and bob' viscometers work by defining the exact volume of a sample which is to be sheared within a test cell; the torque required to achieve a certain rotational speed is measured and plotted. There are two classical geometries in "cup and bob" viscometers, known as either the "Couette" or "Searle" systems - distinguished by whether the cup or bob rotates.

CONE AND PLATE VISCOMETER

CONE AND PLATE VISCOMETER

'Cone and Plate' viscometers consist of a rotating cone forming a very small angle with the plate. There is a small gap between the cone and plate which is filled by the fluid of which viscosity is to be determined. The angle between cone and plate is usually between 2.5- 3;a graph of shear stress (torque) against shear rate (angular velocity) yields the viscosity in a straightforward manner.

STORMER VISCOMETER

STORMER VISCOMETER
It consists of a paddle-type rotor that is spun by an internal motor, submerged into a cylinder of viscous substance. The rotor speed can be adjusted by changing the amount of load supplied onto the rotor. The viscosity can be found by adjusting the load until the rotation velocity is 200 rotations per minute. By examining the load applied and comparing tables found on ASTM D 562, one can find the viscosity in Krebs units (KU), unique only to the Stormer type viscometer. This method is intended for paints applied by brush or roller.

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