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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DENTAL MATERIALS

Click to edit Master subtitle style Presented

by

ANBU .ILA I yr P.G student

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CONTENTS:
Introduction Forces Forces in oral cavity Variants of forces Stress and Strain Types of stress Based on Elastic deformation Elastic modulus Shear modulus Flexibility

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CONTENTS
Strength properties: STRESS-STRAIN CURVE Proportional limit Elastic limit Yield strength Ultimate strength Fracture strength Flexural strength Fatigue strength

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CONTENTS
Masticatory forces Toughness Fracture toughness Brittleness Ductility and Malleability Surface properties: Hardness and the tests

BRINELL ROCKWELL

KNOOP

VICKERS

BARCOL & SHORE

INTRODUCTION
Laws of MECHANICS

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Based on energy and forces Static and dynamic

mechanical properties:
of any Success or failure potential

prostheses is dependent upon their mechanical properties.

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Some Measurements used based on deformation:

Reversible :

proportional limit, resilience, elastic modulus

Plastic:

hardness, percent elongation

Combination: yield strength, toughness

FORCE

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Generated by one body interacting with the other. Results in transformation or deforming. Defined by 1.point of application 2.magnitude 3.direction

Unit Newton (N)

Forces in oral cavity

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Occlusal / masticatory Forces on restorations

Occlusal :
a)

Maximum range 200 -3500 N

b) Highest biting force 4337 N - 2secs c) The average biting forces on permanent teeth were 665,450, and 220 N on molars, bicuspids, and incisors respectively

FORCES
On/by the Restoration : Removable partial denture 65 235 N.(rpd) FIXED 40% of the natural dentition.

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REMOVABLE OR COMPLETE denture only 15% Of the natural. Women 90N less than men.

FORCES - VARIANTS
1.

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Axial (tensile or compressive) Shear (sliding, rubbing) Bending (bending movement) Tortional (twisting movement)

1.

1.

1.

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FORCES & THEIR DEFORMATION

TYPES OF FORCES :
compressive,

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tensile,

shear

RESULT OF THE APPLIED FORCE

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Compression- two sets of forces directed towards each other

Tension - two sets of forces directed away from each other in a straight line

Shear

- two sets of forces directed parallel to each other , but not along the same straight line results from the twisting of the body.

Torsion

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STRESS:
Internal reaction equal in intensity and opposite to the direction of the applied external load/force force/area = F/A within a structure Dependent on a. Strain rate b. Shape

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STRESS:
Denoted by S or Designated as force per unit area (=N/m) Pascal = 1 N / m. Commonly stress is reported in terms of mega Pascals(MPa)

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Types of stress
SIMPLE 1.tensile 2.compressive 3.shear

COMPLEX

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Types of stress
TENSILE STRESS : stretch / elongate perpendicular to the direction Eg: A sticky candy can be used to remove crowns by means of tensile force

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Types of stress
SHEAR STRESS: force/cross sectional area force parallel to the direction of the

Application of shear force may produce elastic shear strain or plastic shear strain. FLEXURAL STRESS:

Also called as bending stress.

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FLEXURAL STRESS

THREE

UNIT BRIDGE & CANTILEVER BRIDGE

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STRAIN:
Relative

change in length/ unit initial length. deformation of an object that is subjected to stress It is denoted by as L / L.

Designated

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YOUNGs MODULUS:
relative stiffness (or) rigidity elastic stress elastic strain

unit GPa

its a constant

unaffected by the elastic (or)plastic stress

Independent of the ductility, heat or

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Enamel

- stiffer but brittle

Dentin

- flexible tougher

also

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DYNAMIC YOUNGs MODULUS

in dynamic state of motion Velocity of the sound waves Ultrasonic transducers and receivers

Often higher than values by static measurements

SHEAR modulus: shear stress is induced

38 % of elastic modulus

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POISSONs RATIO: WITHIN ELASTIC RANGE, LATERAL STRAIN AXIAL STRAIN

MORE

DUCTILE SOFT GOLD ALLOYS - HIGH REDUCTION IN CROSS SECTIONAL AREA AND HIGHER POISSONS RATIO. UNITLESS.

STRESS - STRAIN CURVE

THE

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MATERIAL. IS PLOTTED OVER X AXIS (horizontal axis ) IS AN INDEPENDENT VARIABLE. PLOTTED OVER Y AXIS(vertical axis).

STRAIN

STRESS

AS

THE STRESS INCREASES STRAIN ALSO INCREASES.

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STRESS STRAIN CURVE

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STRESS -STRAIN CURVE

A.

PROPORTIONAL LIMIT & ELASTIC LIMIT YIELD STRENGTH ULTIMATE STRENGTH FRACTURE STRENGTH

A.

A.

A.

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PROPORTIONAL LIMIT (A) :

DEFINED

AS THE GREATEST STRESS THAT A MATERIAL WILL SUSTAIN WITHOUT DEVIATION FROM LINEAR PROPOTIONALITY OF STRESS TO STRAIN WITHOUT PERMANENT DEFORMATION.

ELASTIC LIMIT:
IS

THE GREATEST STRESS TO WHICH A MATERIAL CAN BE SUBJECTED SUCH THAT IT RETURNS TO ITS ORIGINAL DIMENSIONS WHEN FORCE IS RELEASED.

WITHOUT

PERMANENT DEFORMATION.

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YIELD STRENGTH/ YIELD POINT / PROOF STRESS (B):

THE STRESS AT WHICH A MATERIAL EXHIBITS A SPECIFIED LIMITING DEVIATION FROM PROPORTIONALITY OF STRESS TO STRAIN.

AMOUNT OF PERMANENT STRAIN IS REFERRED TO AS PERCENT OFFSET

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YIELD STRENGTH:
ELASTIC

LIMIT AND YIELD STRENGTH DEFINES THE TRANSITION FROM ELASTIC TO PLASTIC BEHAVIOUR . TO FUNCTION IN A PLASTIC MANNER.

BEGINS

E.g

Clasp is bent and the function of it is based

on elastic recovery within the range and provide retention.

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ULTIMATE STRENGTH(C): COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH : Compressive stress at the point of fracture TENSILE STRENGTH: tensile stress at point of fracture

YIELD STRENGTH IS IMPORTANT THAN ULTIMATE STRENGTH BECAUSE IT IS AN ESTIMATE OF WHEN A MATERIAL WILL START TO DEFORM PERMANENTLY

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FRACTURE STRENGTH(D):
THE

STRESS AT WHICH A BRITTLE MATERIAL FRACTURES DOES NOT FRACTURE AT THE POINT AT WHICH MAXIMUM STRESS OCCURS MAXIMUM TENSILE FORCE - MATERIAL ELONGATES RESULTING IN NECKING REDUCTION IN CROSS SECTIONAL AREA

MATERIAL

AFTER

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FRACTURE STRENGTH(D):
MATERIALS

EXHIBITING NECKING, THE

ULTIMATE & FRACTURE STRENGTH ARE DIFFERENT.

IN

DENTAL ALLOYS AND CERAMICS

FLEXURAL STRENGTH
MODULUS LOADING

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OF RUPTURE (or) TRANSVERSE.

A SIMPLE BEAM SUPPORTED (NOT FIXED) AT EACH END, WITH A LOAD APPLIED IN THE MIDDLE. POINT BENDING TEST .

THREE

IN

COMPARING DENTURE BASE MATERIALS IN WHICH STRESS OF THIS TYPE IS APPLIED WITH THE MASTICATORY FORCES.

FATIGUE STRENGTH

A structure subjected to repeated or cyclic stresses well below its ultimate tensile strength can produce abrupt failure.this phenomenon is called fatigue failure. Endurance limit: the maximum stress that can be maintained without failure over an infinite number of cycles with rough surface fail in fewer cycles. brackets with activated wires - static fatigue

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brittle

Ceramic

failure.

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IMPACT STRENGTH
ENERGY

REQUIRED TO FRACTURE A MATERIAL UNDER AN IMPACT FORCE CHARPY-TYPE IMPACT TESTER IZOD IMPACT TESTER LOW ELASTIC MODULUS & HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH HIGH IMPACT RESISTANCE WILL HAVE

1. 2.

TEAR STRENGTH
Resistance

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of a material to tearing forces.

Dental

polymers in thin sections

eg

: Flexible impression materials in interproximal areas, maxillofacial materials and soft liners for dentures. removal in alginate impression leads to maximum tear strength .

Rapid

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TEAR STRENGTH

Material strength(kN/m) Agar duplicating material 0.22 Denture liners 2.6-45 Impression materials Agar 0.99

Tear

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FLEXIBILITY

FLEXIBILITY: maximum flexibility is defined as flexural strain occuring when material is stressed to its proportional limit.

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ELONGATION:
DEFORMATION

THAT RESULTS BY TENSILE FORCE . OF THE ALLOY .

WORKABILITY

%ELONGATION

=INCREASE IN LENGTH X 100% ORIGINAL LENGTH

ELONGATION:
%

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ELONGATION INCLUDES BOTH ELASTIC AND PLASTIC ELONGATION. ELONGATION IS GREATER.

PLASTIC

HIGHER

YIELD STRENGTH ,LESS ELONGATION % Elongation 34.0 2.0

Alloy Gold (type 3) 40% Au-Ag-CU

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COMPRESSION:
AMOUNT

OF DEFORMATION A MATERIAL CAN

WITHSTAND BEFORE RUPTURE UNDER COMPRESSIVE STRESS - % OF COMPRESSION.

DUCTILITY

AND MALLEABILITY ARE

INDICATED BY ELONGATION AND

BRITTLENESS
Brittleness

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is the relative inability of a material to sustain plastic deformation before fracture of a material occurs. Eg: Ceramics are brittle at oral temperatures as they sustain little or no plastic strain before they fracture

DUCTILITY :
RELATIVE ABILITY OF THE MATERIAL TO DEFORM PLASTICLLY BEFORE IT FRACTURES.

ABILITY OF A MATERIAL TO DRAWN IN TO WIRES WHEN SUBJECTED TO TENSILE FORCES. RELATED TO THE WORKABILITY OF A MATERIAL . B.I= DUCTILITY YIELDSTRENGTH

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Measurement of ductility: Percent elongation after fracture Reduction in area of the tensile test specimens Maximum number of the bends in cold blend test More the ductility, higher the metal can be burnished

1.

1.

1.

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MALLEABILITY :

ABILITY OF A MATERIAL TO BE HAMMERED OR ROLLED IN TO THIN SHEETS WITHOUT FRACTURING.

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DUCTILITY AND MALLEABILITY

RESILIENCE
Relative

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amount of elastic energy per unit volume on unloading is defined as resilience bounded by elastic region mMN/cubic m

Area

Unit

Difference

in loading and unloading portion is called as hysteresis

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RESILIENCE
defined

as the amount of energy absorbed

by a structure when it is stressed not to exceed its proportional limit.

Springiness

TOUGHNESS
IS

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THE AMOUNT OF ELASTIC AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION. ENERGY REQUIRED TO FRACTURE A MATERIAL. OF A MATERIAL TO ABSORB ELASTIC ENERGY AND TO DEFORM PLASTICALLY BEFORE FRACTURE. UNDER THE ELASTIC AND PLASTIC PORTION(TOTAL) OF A STRESS STRAIN CURVE. THE STRENGTH AND HIGHER THE DUCTILITY - TOUGHNESS INCREASES.

ABILITY

AREA

GREATER

FRACTURE TOUGHNESS
Ability

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to be plastically deformed without fracture. is a material property & is proportional to the energy consumed in plastic deformation. a relative value of a materials ability to resist crack propagation. larger the flaw, lower the stress required to cause the fracture.

Gives

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FRACTURE TOUGHNESS

Brittle Ductile

glass

breaks bends

- copper rod -

Fillers in resin increases it. Aging & storage decreases the fracture toughness

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HARDNESS
RESISTANCE

PLASTICALLY .

OF THE MATERIAL TO DEFORM

RELATED

TO HARDNESS OF MATERIAL AND

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PROPORTIONAL LIMIT DUCTILITY.

INDICATIVE

OF EASE OF FINISHING OF A STRUCTURE AND ITS RESISTANCE TO SCRATCHING

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TYPES OF HARDNESS TESTS

MACRO TEST : BRINELL ROCKWELL MICRO TEST : VICKERs KNOOP

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SHAPE OF THE INDENTER

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BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

OLDEST SMALL

STEEL OR TUNGSTEN CARBIDE BALL 1.6mm DIAMETER OF 123N OF INDENTATION IS MEASRURED sec CONTACT WITH SPECIMEN

LOAD 30

DIAMETER BRINELL

HARDNESS NUMBER (BHN) =LOAD/SURFACE AREA OF INDENTATION METALS AND ALLOYS

FOR

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ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST

RAPID

-superficial method -294N 10 min OR METAL CONE INDENTER OF INDENTATION MEASURED WITH A SENSITIVE DIAL MICROMETER FOR TESTING VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS

29.4N BALL

DEPTH

GOOD

DISADVANTAGES:

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KNOOP HARDNESS TEST

MICRO

INDENTATION TEST DIAMOND INDENTING TOOL WITH A PYRAMID SHAPE OF THE DIAGONAL IS MEASURED

LENGTH

USED

FOR THIN PLASTIC OR METAL SHEETS OR BRITTLE MATERIALS. ,DENTIN ,METALS (VARY IN HARDNESS)

ENAMEL

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VICKERS HARDNESS TEST

SQUARE

BASED DIAMOND INDENTER WITH 136o POINT ANGLE OF THE INDENTATION

DIAGONALS

MEASURED
VHN=

LOAD/AREA OF PYRAMIDAL IMPRESSION

10-1200N

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BARCOL HARDNESS TEST

USED

FOR DEPTH OF CURE OF RESIN COMPOSITES LOADED NEEDLE INDENTER WITH DIAMETER OF 1mm DECREASE = 20% DECREASE IN FLEXURAL STRENGTH

SPRING

10%

SHORE A HARDNESS TEST

SHORE

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A DURAMETER

USED

FOR ELASTOMERS

BLUNT

POINTED INDENTER 0.8mm DIAMETER TAPERS TO A CYLINDER OF 1.6mm. ATTACHED BY A LEVER TO A SCALE THAT IS GRADUATED FROM 0 100 UNITS. IF INDENTER COMPLETELY PENETRATES THE SPEICMEN, READING OF 0 IS TAKEN.

INDENTER

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FRICTION
Friction

is the resistance to the motion of one material body over the other. on function composition surface finish lubrication

Depends

sliding

mechanism in ortho when wire is passed through bracket designed for translation

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WEAR
Wear

is loss of material

By

removal and relocation contact of two or more material Adhesive Corrosive Surface fatigue Abrasive

Through

Types:

DIAMETRAL COMPRESSION TEST FOR TENSION

In

this method, the compressive load is placed by a flat plate against the side of a short cylindrical specimen. The vertical compressive force along the side of the disk produce as a tensile stress that is perpendicular to the vertical plane that passes through the center of the disk. Fracture occur along the vertical plane. In this situation the tensile stress is directly proportional to the compressive load applied.

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DIAMETRAL COMPRESSION TEST FOR TENSION

TENSILE

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2P/ DT

STRESS = BRAZILIAN TEST

1.

D-DIAMETER,T-

THICKNESS,

P-APPLIED

LOAD

Only for the materials which exhibit predominantly elastic deformation in brittle materials tensile loading causes fracture Amalgam,cements, ceramics,stone

2.

3.

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DIAMETRAL TENSILE STRENGTH

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COMPRESSSIVE PROPERTIES
Comparison

of amalgam, resin ,cements.

Under

compressive force. twice that of the diameter -satisfactory

Length

If

too short, cone formation in the ends occurs too long, buckling occurs

If

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SHEAR STRENGTH
maximum

stress that a material can withstand before failure in a shear mode of loading. using the punch or push out method.

tested

to

study the interface between the two

materials Eg: Porcelain fused to metal.

Shear

strength = F/dh

BOND STRENGTH

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TESTS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO MEASURE THE BOND STRENGTH BETWEEN TWO MATERIALS
CERAMIC METAL,CEMENT TO METAL RESIN COMPOSITES AND ADHESIVES TO ENAMEL AND DENTIN.

THESE BOND STRENGTH VALUES MAY NOT SIMULATE THE CLINICAL SITUATION BECAUSE OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE GEOMETRY OF THE TEST SPECIMENS AND CLINICAL APPLICATION

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BOND STRENGTH
BOND

STRENGTH VALUES TYPICALLY

OVERESTIMATE THE BOND STRENGTH OBTAINED IN CLINICAL USAGE .

BOND

STRENGTH PERFORMED IN TENSION CANNOT BE DIRECTLY COMPARED TO THOSE DONE IN SHEAR

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STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTORS

Flaws

or defects

stress

intensity increases with the length of the flaw flaws are associated with higher stress by : polished surface increased size design shouldnot vary abruptly brittle material with lower E value

Surface

Minimized

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VISCOELASTICITY
VISCOSITY:RESISTANCE Viscosity

OF A FLUID TO FLOW

=shear stress / shear strain rate

MATERIALS

THAT HAVE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES DEPENDENT ON LOADING RATE ARE TERMED AS VISCOELASTIC. THE PROPERTIES OF ELASTIC SOLID AND VISCOUS FLUID. : NEWTONIAN

WITH

FLUIDS

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VISCOELASTICITY
NEWTONIAN:

constant viscosity independent of shear rate

e.g., cements

PSEUDOPLASTIC: viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate e.g., endodontic cements

DILATANT:

shear rate

viscosity increases with increasing

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VISCOELASTICITY
MOST

DENTAL MATERIALS BEGIN TO SET AFTER THE COMPONENTS HAVE BEEN MIXED AND THEIR VISCOSITY INCREASES WITH TIME. ZOE NEEDS MOISTURE TO SET.

EXCEPTION,

VISCOSITY

INCREASES WITH INCREASING TEMPERATURE

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VISCOELASTICITY
STRESS

RELAXATION IS THE REDUCTION IN STRESS IN A MATERIAL SUBJECT TO CONSTANT STRAIN . IS THE INCREASE IN STRAIN IN A MATERIAL UNDER CONSTANT STRESS. COMPLIANCE (J) IS DEFINED AS STRAIN DIVIDED BY STRESS AT THE GIVEN TIME. J= STRAIN STRESS

CREEP

CREEP

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STRESS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

DESIGN

SHOULD NOT RESULT IN STRESS AND STRAIN THAT EXCEED THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF THE MATERIAL. Strain gauges Brittle coatings analysis Holography 2D , 3D photoanalysis Finite element analysis

TECHNIQUES:

For inlays, crowns, dentures (fixed /partial/ complete) endodontic posts and implants

SUMMARY

PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DENTAL MATERIALS SHOULD WITHSTAND THE STRESSES OF MASTICATION SHOULD BE DESIGNED SO THAT THE RESULTING FORCES OF MASTICATION ARE DISTRIBUTED AS UNIFORMLY AS POSSIBLE

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APPLIANCES

THREE INTERRELATED FACTORS FOR LONG TERM FUNTION OF DENTAL MATERIALS ARE 1.MATERIAL CHOICE 2.COMPONENT GEOMETRY (to minimize stress concentration ) 3.COMPONENT DESIGN (to distribute

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REFERENCES

CRAIGs restorative dental materials 12th & 13th ed. PHILLIPs science of dental materials 11th ed. JOHN F. McCABE ,ANGUS W.G. WALLS : Applied dental materials. 8th ed. JOHN J MANAPPALLIL basic dental materials 2nd ed.

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