Submitted to :- Mr.

Narip Jit

by:- Rajesh kumar & Parminder singh

Introduction : The process of sampling signals that measure real

world physical conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values.

 DAQ hardware is what usually interfaces between the

signal and a PC. It could be in the form of modules that can be connected to the computer's ports (parallel, serial, USB, etc.) or cards connected to slots ( MCA, PCI, PCI-E, etc.) in the motherboard.

 In the first stage of measurment system , the

measurand (Physical input variable) is sensored by the sensor/detector and then transduced to the some electical form. (analogus function). But for the further stages of measurment system it is desired to modify the transduced out put signal into a usable format. Therefore signal conditioning is performed.

They are classified into two types :Linear processes & Non linear processes

 Amplification Integration

Differentiation
Addition Subtraction

 Modulation Demodulation

Sampling
Filtering

 Linear processes of data acquisition are performed by

amplifiers.

 An operational amplifier ("op-amp") is a DC-

coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. An op-amp produces an output voltage that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the voltage difference between its input terminals.

 Amplitude modulation :-

Fundamentally it is the multiplication of the signal carrying the information by a carrier wave of constant frequency and amplitude. The process of modulation is widely performed by choppers.

 The process of recovery of original signal from the

modulated waveform into the original form (output of transducer).

It is used because the amplitude modulated signal cannot be used to derive the final read out system.

 Most naturally occurring phenomenon are analog in

nature. With introduction of digital computers, the data taken in a physical system has to be converted into digital form. Therefore A/D conversion devices are used in measurement systems.

 It is done in two steps : Discretization :- In this step the space of signal is

partitioned into equal classes.

Quantization :- Quantizer converts analogous

function into binary codes.

 It is desired that the output signal should reproduced

faithfully. So it is necessary to eliminate any unwanted spurious signal added at transduction or processing stage. The filters are thus designed to pass the signals of wanted frequencies.