Under Guidance Of-: Ms. Nikita Kharkhatte (Lect. Elect.

And Elex Department) Presented By-: Varun Bhaseen, Amit Bawane, Navneet Behra, Hemant Kumar Dewangan

Necessity For Controlling

Induction motors are the most widely used motors for appliances, industrial control, and automation; hence, they are often called the workhorse of the motion industry. They are robust, reliable, and durable. When power is supplied to an induction motor at the recommended specifications, it runs at its rated speed. However, many applications need variable speed operations. For example, a washing machine may use different speeds for each wash cycle. Historically, mechanical gear systems were used to obtain variable speed. Which resulted in many losses so the recent developments have overtaken mechanical systems by electrical and electronics.

Comparison Of Electrical and Mechanical controlling

Electrical -Electronics controlling requires less maintenance. They are more efficient as losses are reduced.

Mechanical controlling requires more maintenance. They are less efficient due to more losses (frictional, mechanical etc.)

Less complicated and easier to handle with less overall cost.

Complicated in handling and increased overall cost.

Principle of operation-:

Variable Voltage Variable Frequency (VVVF) or V/f is the method of speed control in open loop. This method is most suitable for applications without position control requirements or the need for high accuracy of speed control. Thus the whole motor is therefore controlled by the V/f characteristics of the induction motor used. The speedtorque characteristics along with the V/f characteristics are further explained in detail of the three phase induction motor.

Speed-Torque Characteristics Of Induction Motors-:

The characteristics are drawn with rated voltage and frequency supplied to the stator. During start-up, the motor typically draws up to seven times the rated current. This high current is a result of stator and rotor flux, the losses in the stator and rotor windings, and losses in the bearings due to friction. This high starting current overcomes these components and produces the momentum to rotate the rotor.

Contd..

At start-up, the motor delivers 1.5 times the rated torque of the motor. This starting torque is also called locked rotor torque (LRT). As the speed increases, the current drawn by the motor reduces slightly. At base speed, the motor draws the rated current and delivers the rated torque. When the motor is running at approximately 80% of the synchronous speed, the load can increase up to 2.5 times the rated torque. This torque is called breakdown torque. As seen in the speed-torque characteristics, torque is highly nonlinear as the speed varies. In many applications, the speed needs to be varied, which makes the torque vary.

V/f Control Theory-:

As we can see in the speed-torque characteristics, the induction motor draws the rated current and delivers the rated torque at the base speed. When the load is increased while running at base speed, the speed drops and the slip increases. the voltage applied to the stator is directly proportional to the product of stator flux and angular velocity.

Contd..

This makes the flux produced by the stator proportional to the ratio of applied voltage and frequency of supply. By varying the frequency, the speed of the motor can be varied. Therefore, by varying the voltage and frequency by the same ratio, flux and hence, the torque can be kept constant throughout the speed range This makes constant V/f the most common speed control of an induction motor At base speed, the voltage and frequency reach the rated values as listed in the nameplate. We can drive the motor beyond base speed by increasing the frequency. However, the voltage applied cannot be increased beyond the rated voltage. Therefore, only the frequency can be increased, which results in the field weakening and the torque available being reduced.

Implementation-:

Standard AC supply is converted to a DC voltage by using a 3-phase diode center-tap rectifier. A capacitor filters the ripple in the DC bus. This DC bus is used to generate a variable voltage and variable frequency power supply. A voltage source power inverter is used to convert the DC bus to the required AC voltage and frequency. The power inverter has 4 switches that are controlled in order to generate an AC output from the DC input. PWM signals generated from the microcontroller control these 4 switches. The phase voltage is determined by the duty cycle of the PWM signals.

Rectified input-:

Contd..

A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Fullwave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and is more efficient. In the positive half cycle diode (D1) will be forward biased and hence will conduct; while diode (D2will be reverse biased and will act as a open circuit and will not conduct. And diode D1 supplies the load current & this current is flowing through upper half of the secondary winding. In the next half cycle of ac voltage polarity reverse and diode (D2) conducts, being forward biased; while diode (D1) doesnt conduct, being reverse biased. And diode D2 supplies the load current .now the lower half of the secondary winding carries the current. The op-amp lm393 is a analog voltage comparator which gives out a 9v dc output for the microcontroller with ripples absent.

Main Circuit Diagram-:

Contd..

The Circuit Diagram is used in controlling the motor. If LED 1 is on then it is Auto On. If LED 2 is set then it is Auto Off. If LED 3 is on or set then it is active for Motor.

The Switch is used as a regulator and LCD is for display. The relay is used for providing power to the Motor.
Then crystal oscillator is provided. There is an Auto On & Auto Off switch provided to work there. The three phase input is provided at Pin 10,11 & 12. When the power is supplied to the circuit it checks the On & Off switches then if it is On then the Motor is switched on by the PWM signals being sent by the Controller. If the switch is Off then no connection is made to the motor and it is stop. The start and stop of motor depends upon relay input signals.

Advantages -:

More Efficient and more effective. Easy to use & applicability. Portable Circuitry consumes less area. Reduced errors and losses as no mechanical parts. Less initial cost. Automatic Control.

Applications and uses-:

In Industries and Factories to auto Control Induction Motors. In Plants to auto Control Induction Motors. In laboratories and other places where Induction motor control is required.