Voice over internet protocol

TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
Voice over IP SIP (Session Internet Protocol)
Messages Addresses Simple session Tracking the callee

H.323 protocol
H.323 architecture

Protocols
H.323 example

MGCP Advantages of VoIP Disadvantages of VoIP Conclusion

What is voip
VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol and is also referred as

IP Telephony.

This technology enables users to:

Make calls by moving packets of information over the Internet using broadband network connection to make phone calls to other VoIP and regular phone users and Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) or analog telephones.

This Is Now...

That Was Then...

Voip overview
It is a technology for transmitting ordinary

telephone calls over the Internet using packet linked routes.

The basic steps involved in originating an

Internet telephony call are conversion of the analog voice signal to digital format and compression / translation of the signal into Internet protocol (IP) packets for transmission over the Internet; the process is reversed at the receiving end.

WHAT PROTOCOLS ARE REQUIRED ?

Signalling Protocol : To establish presence, locate user, set

up, modify and tear down sessions.

Media Transport Protocols : To transmit packetized

audio/video signal.
Supporting Protocols : Gateway Location, QoS, AAA,

Address Translation, etc.

Voip protocol Stack

Session initiated protocol

The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) was designed by

IETF.

It is an application layer protocol that establishes, manages,

and terminates a multimedia session (call).

Can be used to create two-party, multiparty, or multicast

sessions.

SIP is designed to be independent of the underlying transport

layer; it can run on UDP, TCP, or SCTP.

Sip messages
SIP is text-based protocol i.e. SIP uses messages.
SIP Messages

INVITE

ACK

BYE

OPTIONS

CANCEL

REGISTER

SIP Addresses
In a regular telephone communication, a telephone number

identifies the sender, and another telephone number identifies the receiver. SIP is very flexible. In SIP. An e-mail address, an IP address, a telephone number, and other types of addresses can be used to identify the sender and receiver. However, the address needs to be in SIP format (also called scheme). Some common formats are:

SIP SESSION
A simple session using

SIP consists of three modules:

Establishing
communicating terminating.

TRACKING THE CALLEE

H.323
H.323 is a standard designed by ITU to allow telephones on

the public telephone network to talk to computers (called terminals in H.323) connected to the Internet.

H.323 was developed as a means to transmit voice, video,

data, and fax communications across an IP-based network while maintaining connectivity with the PSTN.

It has gone through several versions and annexes (which add

functionality to the protocol), allowing it to operate in pure VoIP networks and more widely distributed networks

h.323 architecture

h.323 Operation
Steps used by a terminal to communicate with a telephone : The terminal sends a broadcast message to the gatekeeper. The gatekeeper responds with its IP address. The terminal and gatekeeper communicate, using H.225 to negotiate bandwidth. The terminal, gatekeeper, gateway, and telephone communicate by using Q.931 to set up a connection. The terminal gatekeeper, gateway, and telephone communicate by using H.245 to negotiate the compression method. The terminal, gateway, and telephone exchange audio by using RTP under the management of RTCP. The terminal, gatekeeper, gateway, and telephone communicate by using Q.931 to terminate the communication.

MGCP
The Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) was

developed by IETF .
It was designed to make the end devices (such as phones) as

simple as possible, and have all the call logic and processing handled by media gateways and call agents.
Unlike SIP, MGCP uses a centralized model. MGCP phones

cannot directly call other MGCP phones; they must always go through some type of controller.

Voip Advantages
Inexpensive: The advantages include costs. VoIP is relatively

inexpensive. This is the biggest advantage to most companies. VoIP is technically free. Typically, companies pay their normal high speed internet provider and in return receive VoIP free.
Zero- or near-zero-cost features: Conference calling,

call forwarding, automatic redial, and caller ID; zero- or near-zero-cost features that traditional telecommunication companies normally charge extra for.

 The ability to transmit more than one telephone call over the

same broadband connection. This can make VoIP a simple way to add an extra telephone line to a home or office.

Security: Secure calls using standardized protocols (such as

Secure Real-time Transport Protocol.) Most of the difficulties of creating a secure phone connection over traditional phone lines, like digitizing and digital transmission, are already in place with VoIP. It is only necessary to encrypt and authenticate the existing data stream.

 Location independence or portability: Only an Internet connection is

needed to get a connection to a VoIP provider. For instance, call center agents using VoIP phones can work from anywhere with a sufficiently fast and stable Internet connection. video conversation, message or data file exchange in parallel with the conversation, audio conferencing, managing address books, and passing information about whether others (e.g. friends or colleagues) are available to interested parties.

Integration with other services available over the Internet, including

Advanced Telephony features: such as call routing, screen pops, and IVR

implementations are easier and cheaper to implement and integrate. The fact that the phone call is on the same data network as a user's PC opens a new door to possibilities.

Voip Disadvantages
Lack of continuous service during a power outage

Emergency calls (911) (Problem of locating call)

Sound quality and reliability

Vulnerable to same attacks as IP data networks

Vulnerable to spam (Spam over Internet Telephony)

Toll fraud (Call spoofing)

Possibility of data loss.

conclusion
Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is an emerging technology that is a critical component of network centric warfare, and is associated with potential command center desk top convergence, mobility enhancements, infrastructure reduction, multi-media collaboration, and cost avoidance.