Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Array of electromagnetic waves in order
of length (frequency)
Longest wavelength
Electrical Stimulating Currents Lowest frequency Radio and Television Shortwave Diathermy Microwave Diathermy Infrared Visible Light Ultraviolet Ionizing Radiation
Shortest wavelength
Highest frequency
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Characteristics of Electromagnetic Energy
Transmitted without a medium Travel in a straight line Reflected, Refracted, Absorbed, Transmitted
Wavelength
Horizontal Distance between the crests
Frequency
Number of cycles which pass a point in a
unit of time
1 Second
Law of Grotthus-Draper
Energy must be absorbed to affect
matter and the effects are seen at the point of absorption If energy is not absorbed, it is reflected, refracted, or transmitted
Arndt-Schultz Principle
If the amount of energy absorbed is too small,
Electrical Principles
Passage of electrical current through
Thermal diathermies Physiochemical monophasic currents Physiological various types of muscle / nerve stimulation
Electrical Current
Flow of electrons between two points
Conductors allow easy flow of electrons, many free electrons Insulators difficult flow of electrons, few free electrons
Ampere
Unit of current
RATE which electrons pass a given point 1 ampere = 1 coulomb / second Coulomb is a unit of electrical charge
Indicate
Voltage
Electromotive force (EMF) or Electrical
Potential Difference
Greater the difference, greater potential for electron flow Potential difference necessary to move 1 amp of current in 1 sec against a resistance of 1 ohm
High voltage = above 100 or 150 volts Low voltage = below 100 or 150 volts
Resistance
Opposition to the flow of electrons
Ohms Law
Amperes = Voltage
Resistance
Current Characteristics
Amplitude
Pulse Duration Frequency
Wave forms
Rise time Duty cycle
Waveforms
Monophasic (Galvanic, Direct)
Unidirectional flow of electrons High voltage units, low volt direct current units, neuroprobes Alternating / Sinusoidal currents Can be symmetrical or asymmetrical
Biphasic
Duration
Pulse duration time it takes to
Monophasic currents: pulse = phase Biphasic currents: Neg phase + Pos phase
Intrapulse interval
Interpulse interval
Elapsed time between the conclusion of one pulse and start of next
Amplitude (Intensity)
The higher the amplitude of the current,
the greater the depth of penetration, therefore, greater number of fibers stimulated
Frequency
Stimulation frequency machine specific
Low: 1 1000 hertz Medium: 1,000 100,000 hertz (IFC, Russian) High: 100,000 hertz and higher (diathermy)
Low: 10 or less (individual muscle contraction, twitch) Medium: 10 50 (summation of contractions, tetany) High: 50 or higher (tonic contraction)
Ability of a tissue to hold a charge before discharging Higher capacitance = longer pulse duration necessary to elicit a response
Adequate intensity to reach threshold Duration long enough to exceed capacitance Current onset is fast enough to reduce accomodation
Other terms
Accomodation
Decrease in a nerves action potential frequency over time when exposed to an unchanging depolarization stimulus
Rheobase
Chronaxie
Optimal Excitation of the nerve occurs between rheobase and chronaxie as plotted on the StrengthDuration Curve
Electrode Considerations
Monopolar
Bipolar
Quadpolar
Current Density
Smaller electrodes will have more
Electrode Proximity
Close