SUBMMITTED BYSUDHIR KUMAR SUDHAKAR

CONTENT:1.Introduction 2.Definition & Types 3.Construction of npn & pnp Transistor 4.Working of pnp & npn Transistor 5.Configuration of circuit connection ->Common base ->Common emitter ->Common collector 6.Advantages of Transistor ->Transistor as a switch ->Transistor as an amplifier ->Transistor as an oscillator 7.Disadvantages of Transistor 8.Testing of Transistor 9.Summary

Invented in 1948 by J. Barden and W.H.Brattain, USA Trans means the signal transfer property of the device while istor classifies it as a solid element in the family of the resistors. It is capable of achieving of amplification of weak signals in a fashion comparable and often superior to that realized by vacuum tubes.

1.
2.

A Transistor consists of two pn junction formed by sandwiching either p-type or n-type semiconductor b/w a pair of oppsite types. Type:pnp transistor npn transistor

1.PNP TRANSISTOR:-

IT CONSISTS OF A VERY THIN SLICE OF N-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR SANDWICHED B/W TWO SMALL BLOCK OF P-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR.

2.NPN TRANSISTOR:-

IT CONSISTS OF A VERY THIN SLICE OF P-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR SANDWICHED B/W TWO SMALL BLOCK OF NTYPE SEMICONDUCTOR.

WORKING OF pnpTRANSISTOR :The small current which leaves the base terminal B is called the base current (Ib).While the large current which leaves the collector

current (Ic).Both these currents combines to enter the emitter terminal (E) & constitute the emitter current (Ie).
i.e

Ie=Ib+Ic

WORKING OF npnTRANSISTOR :The small current entering the base terminal be in the base current Ib,while the large current entering the collector terminal C is the collector current Ic .Both these current combines to leave the emitter terminal E and constitute the emitter current. i.e- Ie=Ib+Ic

Transistor as a switch:BJT used as an electronic switch, in grounded-emitter configuration. Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, both for highpower applications such as switched-mode power supplies and for lowpower applications such as logic gates. In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage rises the base and collector current rise exponentially, and the collector voltage drops because of the collector load resistor. The relevant equations: VRC = ICE RC, the voltage across the load (thelampwithresistanceRC) VRC + VCE = VCC, the supply voltage shown as 6V If VCE could fall to 0 (perfect closed switch) then Ic could go no higher than VCC / RC, even with higher base voltage and current. The transistor is then said to be saturated. Hence, values of input voltage can be chosen such that the output is either completely off,[20] or completely on. The transistor is acting as a switch, and this type of operation is common in digital circuits where only "on" and "off" values are relevant.

Transistor as an oscillator:The oscillatory circuit or element, also called the tank circuit, consists of an inductive coil of inductance L connected in parallel with a capacitor of capacitance C. The frequency of oscillation in the circuit depends upon the values of L and C. The actual frequency of oscillation is the resonant or natural frequency and is given by the expression f = 1 / 2LC Hz , where L is inductance of coil in henrys, and C is the capacitance of capacitor in farads. The electronic amplifier receives dc power from the battery or dc power supply and converts it into ac power for supply to the tank circuit. The oscillations occurring in the tank circuit are applied to the input of the electronic amplifier. Because of the amplifying properties of the amplifier, we get increased output of these oscillations. This amplified output of oscillations is because of dc power supplied from the external source (a battery or power supply). The output of the amplifier can be supplied to the tank circuit to meet the losses. The feedback network supplies a part of output power to the tank or oscillatory circuit in correct phase to aid the oscillations. In other words the feedback circuit provides positive feedback.

Transistor as an amplifier:Amplifier circuit, common-emitter configuration. The common-emitter amplifier is designed so that a small change in voltage in (Vin) changes the small current through the base of the transistor; the transistor's current amplification combined with the properties of the circuit mean that small swings in Vin produce large changes in Vout. Various configurations of single transistor amplifier are possible, with some providing current gain, some voltage gain, and some both. From mobile phones to televisions, vast numbers of products include amplifiers for sound reproduction, radio transmission, and signal processing. The first discrete transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity gradually increased as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved. Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to a few hundred watts are common and relatively inexpensive

Disadvantages:1. Silicon transistors typically do not operate at voltages higher than about 1000 volts
(SiC devices can be operated as high as 3000 volts). In contrast, vacuum tubes have been developed that can be operated at tens of thousands of volts.

2.High-power, high-frequency operation, such as that used in over-the-air television

broadcasting, is better achieved in vacuum tubes due to improved electron mobility in a vacuum.

3.Silicon transistors are much more vulnerable than vacuum tubes to an

electromagnetic pulse generated by a high-altitude nuclear explosion.

4.Silicon transistors when amplifying near the saturation point typically fail and create
distortion. Vacuum tubes under the same stress conditions fail more gradually and create a distortion that is more pleasant to the ear.