Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Single-core computer
Multi-core architectures
This lecture is about a new trend in computer architecture: Replicate multiple processor cores on a single die.
Core 1 Core 2 Core 3 Core 4
c o r e 1
c o r e 2
c o r e 3
c o r e 4
c o r e 1
c o r e 2
c o r e 3
c o r e 4
c o r e 1
c o r e 2
c o r e 3
c o r e 4
Why multi-core ?
Difficult to make single-core clock frequencies even higher Deeply pipelined circuits:
heat problems speed of light problems difficult design and verification large design teams necessary server farms need expensive air-conditioning
Many new applications are multithreaded General trend in computer architecture (shift towards more parallelism)
Instruction-level parallelism
Parallelism at the machine-instruction level The processor can re-order, pipeline instructions, split them into microinstructions, do aggressive branch prediction, etc. Instruction-level parallelism enabled rapid increases in processor speeds over the last 15 years
10
SIMD
Single instruction, multiple data Modern graphics cards
Lemieux cluster, Pittsburgh supercomputing center
MIMD
Multiple instructions, multiple data
12
14
15
More examples
Editing a photo while recording a TV show through a digital video recorder Downloading software while running an anti-virus program Anything that can be threaded today will map efficiently to multi-core BUT: some applications difficult to parallelize
16
Integer
Floating Point
Schedulers
Uop queues
Rename/Alloc
BTB Trace Cache uCode ROM
17
18
Without SMT, only a single thread can run at any given time
L1 D-Cache D-TLB
Integer
Floating Point
Schedulers
Decoder
Bus BTB and I-TLB Thread 1: floating point
19
Without SMT, only a single thread can run at any given time
L1 D-Cache D-TLB
Integer
Floating Point
Schedulers
Decoder
Bus BTB and I-TLB Thread 2: integer operation
20
Integer
Floating Point
Schedulers
Decoder
Bus BTB and I-TLB Thread 2: Thread 1: floating point integer operation
21
Integer
Floating Point
Schedulers
Decoder
Bus BTB and I-TLB Thread 1 Thread 2 IMPOSSIBLE
This scenario is impossible with SMT on a single core (assuming a single 22 integer unit)
Integer
Floating Point
Integer
Floating Point
Decoder
Bus
Thread 2
24
Integer
Floating Point
Integer
Floating Point
Decoder
Bus
Thread 4
25
The number of SMT threads: 2, 4, or sometimes 8 simultaneous threads Intel calls them hyper-threads 26
Integer
Floating Point
Integer
Floating Point
Decoder
Bus
Thread 2 Thread 4
27
28
SMT
Can have one large and fast superscalar core Great performance on a single thread Mostly still only exploits instruction-level parallelism
29
Multi-core chips:
L1 caches private L2 caches private in some architectures and shared in others
30
Fish machines
CORE1 CORE0
Dual-core Intel Xeon processors Each core is hyper-threaded Private L1 caches Shared L2 caches
hyper-threads
L1 cache
L1 cache
L2 cache
memory
31
L1 cache L2 cache
L1 cache L2 cache
L1 cache
L2 cache L3 cache
memory memory
Both L1 and L2 are private Examples: AMD Opteron, AMD Athlon, Intel Pentium D A design with L3 caches Example: Intel Itanium 2
32
33
Advantages of shared:
Threads on different cores can share the same cache data More cache space available if a single (or a few) high-performance thread runs on the system
34
35
Core 1
Core 2
Core 3
Core 4
multi-core chip
Main memory x=15213
36
Core 1
Core 2
Core 3
Core 4
multi-core chip
Main memory x=15213
37
Core 1
Core 2
Core 3
Core 4
multi-core chip
Main memory x=15213
38
Core 1
Core 2
Core 3
Core 4
multi-core chip
Main memory x=21660 assuming write-through caches
39
Core 1
Core 2
Core 3
Core 4
multi-core chip
Main memory x=21660
40
Inter-core bus
Core 1
Core 2
Core 3
Core 4
multi-core chip
Main memory inter-core bus
42
43
Core 1
Core 2
Core 3
Core 4
multi-core chip
Main memory x=15213
44
Core 1
Core 2
Core 3
Core 4
INVALIDATED
multi-core chip
Main memory x=21660 assuming write-through caches inter-core bus
45
Core 1
Core 2
Core 3
Core 4
multi-core chip
Main memory x=21660
46
Core 1
Core 2
Core 3
Core 4
multi-core chip
Main memory x=21660
47
Core 1
Core 2
Core 3
Core 4
UPDATED
broadcasts updated value
multi-core chip
Main memory x=21660 assuming write-through caches inter-core bus
48
49
Invalidation vs update
Multiple writes to the same location
invalidation: only the first time update: must broadcast each write (which includes new variable value)
50
Invalidation protocols
This was just the basic invalidation protocol More sophisticated protocols use extra cache state bits MSI, MESI (Modified, Exclusive, Shared, Invalid)
51
gives counter=2
gives counter=1
55
core 3
core 2
core 1
core 0
0
core 1
1
core 0
core 3
thread 1
thread 0
thread 1
thread 0
thread 1
thread 0
thread 1
thread 0
Default Affinities
Default affinity mask is all 1s: all threads can run on all processors Then, the OS scheduler decides what threads run on what core OS scheduler detects skewed workloads, migrating threads to less busy processors
59
60
Hard affinities
The programmer can prescribe her own affinities (hard affinities)
Rule of thumb: use the default scheduler unless a good reason not to
61
63
64
core 1
65
66
Conclusion
Multi-core chips an important new trend in computer architecture Several new multi-core chips in design phases Parallel programming techniques likely to gain importance
67