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ABHISHEK SENGUPTA ABHISHEK PANDEY AHMAD FARUKH ABUL KHAIR ABDUL RUB SIDDIQUI AHMAD LATIF ADNAN NAZIR
Product safety standards Advertising contents Working environment Unauthorized payments Employees privacy Environmental issues
6-14
Ethical Problem
1950s
Time
Early 2000s
Ethics is about field or domain of enquiry while morality is the object of enquiry. Ethics or behavior accepted with in a group is recorded as credos espoused value of group/organization. When espoused value become practiced values, then the group is said to be ethical organization.
Ethical theories can be classified into three subject areas: Meta ethics Normative ethics Applied ethics.
Ethics of care
Ethics of care is a normative ethical theory The basic belief of theory are: 1.All individuals are interdependent for achieving their interests 2. Those particularly vulnerable to our choices and their outcomes deserve extra consideration to be measured 3. It is necessary to attend to the contextual details of the situation
Virtue Ethics
It maintains that sound, balanced character, motivation and intentions is more important than actual conduct and its consequences Three major types of virtue ethics theories1.Individual Character Ethics 2.Work character ethics 3.Professional Character Ethics
Utilitarianism
In an organisational context, utilitarianism basically states that a decision concerning business conduct is proper if and only if that decision produces the greatest good for the greatest number of individuals. It is the most widely understood and commonly applied ethical theory. Good is usually defined as the net benefits that accrue to those parties affected by the choice. Thus, most utilitarians hold the position that moral choices must be evaluated by calculating the net benefits of each available alternative action.
One major school of thought, Act Utilitarianism, focuses on the action that has been taken, analysing it along the lines of whether the selected action produces more good than bad consequences. A second formulation, Rule Utilitarianism, looks at whether the option or choice conforms to a rule that attempts to maximize the overall utility.
Universalism in Ethics
One distinctive understanding of universalism in ethics is that ethical principles are principles for everybody. They prescribe obligations for everybody, define rights for everybody, list virtues for everybody. The most minimal version of ethical universalism is a claim about the form of ethical principles or standards. It is the claim that ethical principles hold for all and not merely for some, that is, for everybody without exception.
Thus, common ethical standards can be used to judge conduct of personnel at companies operating in a variety of
Country markets and Cultural circumstances
Honesty Trustworthiness Treating people with dignity and respect Respecting rights of others Practicing the Golden Rule Avoiding unnecessary harm to
Workers
Theory of Justice
The First Principle of Justice each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others The Second Principle of Justice Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged
THEORY OF RIGHTS
Rights - Rights are claims that you deserve something from someone or some group. Rights can be legal, contractual, or moral. Rights are also categorized as positive and negative. This categorization indicates the kind of claim and obligation that the right entails. Rights, duties, obligations, and responsibilities can also be categorized as universal, prima facie or conditional -
LAW: Rules created by a governing body of a society to maintain harmony, stability and justice in that society ETHICS: Developing a way of determining what values ought to be- How we ought to actembraces characteristics of honesty, fairness, compassion, integrity
Society has instituted THE LAW that tells us certain conduct is unacceptable and will administer punishment The law can not administer punishment for unethical behaviour BUT
Issues in defying the nature of business ethics Individual character -Religion Personal moral development -Philosophy Legal and regulatory concerns -Sarbanes-oxley act, etc. Issue' focused vs FRAMEWORK focused Integrated,manegerial program tied to organizational goals and objectives.
Significance of cultural, economic, regulatory and ecological issues while establishing business in a foreign countryKFC IN INDIA 1995 Consequences of a misleading advertising and false advertising Issues involving affecting privacy of employee(workplace surveillance)and employer(whistle blowing) Patents infringements NOKIA SUES APPLE.